As with many histories, a history of the Internet can have many versions, with different interpretations by authors of what is important or relevant, and when/where something was imagined, named, or developed, and by whom (just try googling "internet history"). It's interconnected with the history of technology, computers and society. Which aspects and level of detail would you like to know more about below -- or that I've omitted -- in my current version of history? (don't worry -- we won't discuss every item or click every link).
Quotes
- "We live in a society exquisitely dependent on science and technology, in which hardly anyone knows anything about science and technology." ~Carl Sagan
- "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." Arthur Clarke's 3rd 'law'
- "The Internet is the most important single development in the history of human communication since the invention of call waiting." ~Dave Barry
- "What, exactly, is the Internet? Basically it is a global network exchanging digitized data in such a way that any computer, anywhere, that is equipped with a device called a "modem" can make a noise like a duck choking on a kazoo." ~Dave Barry
- "It's been my policy to view the Internet not as an 'information highway,' but as an electronic asylum filled with babbling loonies." ~Mike Royko
- "The Internet is the trailer park for the soul." ~Marilyn Manson
- "The Web is trivially simple - massively successful and it's like Karaoke - anybody can do it." ~Ted Nelson
- "I have an almost religious zeal - not for technology per se, but for the Internet which is for me, the nervous system of mother Earth, which I see as a living creature, linking up." ~Dan Millman

What is the Internet?
- global system of interconnected networks (wired/wireless routers, switches, ...) of devices (servers, computers, phones, ...)
- network protocols (TCP/IP, email, http, ftp,...) and web standards
- services, applications; the Web is not the Internet -- it is one of the services that runs on the Internet [HSW]
- metaphors: information superhighway/infobahn, pipes/tubes, utility grid, library, global village, cloud, surfing,
global brain, cyberspace, 'God', ... (more) - replacement for publishers (books, newspapers, music, media, video), communications (post office, phone), agents -- "disintermediation", ...
- HSW: Basics Quiz (10), Myths Quiz (20), Top 5 Myths About the Internet: Al Gore Invented the Internet; Your ISP is Tracking Your Every Move; The Internet is Filled With Sexual Predators; Everything You Read on the Internet is True; The Internet Will Make You Rich; video: Internet Intro 1:45
- Flowchart: Understanding the Web, for Fans of Charles Dickens ("Explain the Internet to a 19th Century British Street Urchin")
- Video: Today Show commentators: what is the internet? [1:30]; The Times, they are a changin' (Couric 1/94 video)
- USA Today Quiz: which generation do you belong to? (5)
Milestones

1800s-1900s
- "The Americans have need of the telephone, but we do not. We have plenty of messenger boys." ~Sir William Preece, chief engineer, British Post Office, 1876
- "Victorian internet" ['steampunk']
- "Everything that can be invented has been invented." ~Charles H. Duell, Commissioner, U.S. Office of Patents, 1899 (myth)
- 1822: Difference engine [Charles Babbage; Ada Lovelace]
- 1836: Telegraph; pneumatic tubes
- 1858: Transatlantic cable (laying 1st cable, later cables)
- 1870: Typewriter (1st commercial)
- 1876: Telephone
- 1894: Radio
- 1906: Vacuum tube (triode)
- 1920s: Television
- 1931: Predictions (of 2011 by NY Times)

1940s-1950s
- "[The Memex is a] sort of mechanized private file and library...a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory." ~Vannevar Bush, 1945
- "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers." ~TJ Watson, IBM, 1943 (myth)
- "Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons." ~Popular Mechanics, 1949
- 1945: Vannevar Bush: As We May Think, Memex [animation: 2:30]
1946: ENIAC; Project RAND; Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
Sony Internet TV Foreseen In 1946- 1947-1991: Cold War (research funding)
- 1948: Norbert Wiener: Cybernetics; Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN)
- 1949: Ben Bova predicted Sputnik in 1949, but no publisher would touch his (SF) novel
- 1950: National Science Foundation (NSF)
- 1951: UNIVAC
- 1954: Silicon transistor
- 1956: Intelligence Amplification (IA); Artificial Intelligence (AI); Fortran (John Backus; scientific programming language)
1957: Sputnik; Fairchild Semiconductor- 1958: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA); MITRE Corp.; Modem (modulator-demodulator) ATT Bell Labs
- 1959: [image: Home Electronic Library]
1960s
- "A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions." ~J. C. R. Licklider, 1960
- "There is practically no chance communications space satellites will be used to provide better telephone, telegraph, television, or radio service inside the United States." ~T. Craven, FCC Commissioner, 1961
- "Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned." ~Marshall McLuhan, 1964
1960: J. C. R. Licklider: Man-Computer Symbiosis; Computer Networks; Echo comm. satellite- 1961: Time sharing; Leonard Kleinrock: Information Flow in Large Communication Nets
- 1962: Douglas Engelbart: Augmenting Human Intellect; Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO); Licklider and Wesley A. Clark "On-Line Man Computer Communication"
- 1963: Ivan Sutherland: Sketchpad; "Intergalactic Computer Network"; ASCII ("ASCII and ye shall receive." ~Anonymous)
- 1964: Packet Switching (MIT, RAND, NPL in GB); Paul Baran "On Distributed Communications Networks"
- 1965: Wide Area Network (WAN) (MIT-RAND); Moore's 'law' [HSW]; Ted Nelson: Project Xanadu, "Hypertext", "Hypermedia"
- 1967: Interface Message Processors (IMPs) ['Interfaith' Message Processor]: routers
- 1968: NLS (oN-Line System) (Engelbart, SRI): window interface, mouse; Licklider and Robert Taylor: The Computer as a Communication Device; Intel Corp.; SYSTRAN: machine translation
1969: ARPAnet [HSW]; "fathers" of the Internet: Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Larry Roberts; Telnet protocol; Apollo 11 moon landing; Beatles disband; Was ARPAnet designed to survive a nuclear attack?; [=4 hosts: maps: UCLA-SRI; UCLA, UCSB, SRI, Utah; growth: 1970-1995]- history videos: animated, Monty Python style; 1:50; slide show/music video; 2:00; animated documentary; more tech., international; 8:15; lecture-style (for publishers); 7:15
- HSW: history, quiz (10)
1970s
- "[Satellites will one day] bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to our fingertips [using an office console that would combine the functionality of the xerox, telephone, TV and a small computer so as to allow both data transfer and video conferencing around the globe]." ~Arthur C. Clarke, 1970
- "There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home." ~Ken Olsen, DEC, 1977 (out of context)
- 1970: Network Control Protocol; ALOHAnet; Unix; [=14 hosts]
1971: E-mail (@) [The Man Who Made You Put Away Your Pen; Ray Tomlinson; video 1:20]; File Transfer Protocol (FTP); Microprocessor; "Silicon Valley"; Project Gutenberg: digital library; [=19 hosts; map]- 1972: SABRE (air travel reservation & online transaction processing); SAGE (air defense); CYCLADES France; Smalltalk: Object-oriented programming, C [=23 hosts]
- 1973: Syncom (geosync comm. satellite); [=30 hosts; map]
- 1974: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); "Internet"; Ethernet, Alto personal computer (Xerox PARC)
1975: email list SF-Lovers; FUD: Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt; Shockwave Rider: John Brunner, worm; [=61 hosts; map]- 1976: UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-CoPy); X.25 protocol/networks; [=111 hosts]
- 1977: connection to London; Apple II, PET; TRS-80
- 1978: Compuserve; Multi User Dungeon (MUD): virtual world; spam email
- 1979: Usenet ("The Poor Man's Arpanet"): Newsgroup; Bulletin board system; Internet forum/message board; flaming; The Source: online service; The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy; In the Beginning was the Command Line by Neal Stephenson
1980s
- 1980: Metcalfe's law: Bob Metcalfe, network effects
1981: Ipv4 (~4.3 billion (232) addresses); CSNet (Computer Science NETwork); BITNET (Because It's There Network); Minitel France; IBM PC; MS-DOS; True Names: Vernor Vinge, Transhumanism; cyberpunk; Searching for Information in a Dynamic Book: Weyer [=213 hosts]- 1982: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: sending email; emoticon :-); FAQ; European UNIX Network (EUNet)
- 1983: Sun workstation; [=562 hosts]
1984: Domain Name System (DNS); Cisco Systems (history); FidoNet; Macintosh; NoteCards; Neuromancer: William Gibson, cyberspace; [=1024 hosts]- 1985: symbolics.com registered; Windows 1.0 [Windows' Rivals: The Ones That Didn’t Make It (Visi On; TopView; GEM; DESQview; DeskMate; GEOS)]; WELL (Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link): virtual communities; film: Tron [=1961 hosts]
- 1986: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): Request for Comments (RFC) (over 1000 issued); "Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986" introduced by Sen. Albert Gore; Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML); LISTSERV: electronic mailing list; Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP); [=2308 hosts]
- 1987: HyperCard; Intermedia; Knowledge Navigator: search agent; [=28,174 hosts; maps: Internet, NSFNet]
- 1988: Morris Worm; [video: viruses, trojans, worms; 2:30]; Computer Emergency Response Team (not Ashland CERT); NeXT Computer; Internet Relay Chat (IRC); connections to Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Norway...; [=56,000 hosts]
1989: AOL; instant messaging (IM) [video; 1:50]; connection to commercial services and Internet Service Providers (ISP), e.g., Compuserve; ftp client: Fetch; [=100,000+ hosts]
1990s
"I predict the Internet will soon go spectacularly supernova and in 1996 catastrophically collapse." ~Robert Metcalfe, founder of 3Com, inventor of Ethernet, tech pundit and columnist- "We'll soon buy books and newspapers straight over the Internet. Uh, sure." ~Clifford Stoll in Newsweek article, 1995
- "The Internet is a shallow and unreliable electronic repository of dirty pictures, inaccurate rumours, bad spelling and worse grammar, inhabited largely by people with no demonstrable social skills." ~Chronicle of Higher Education, 1997
- "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system." ~Al Gore, 1999. 'invented' myth; "Atari Democrat"; Al Gore and the Internet (Kahn&Cerf); "The day I made that statement," [about inventing the internet] "I was tired because I'd been up all night inventing the Camcorder." ~Al Gore; "If Al Gore invented the Internet, I invented spell check." ~Dan Quayle; "We all invented the Internet." ~Vint Cerf
- "Will the highways on the Internet become more few?" ~George W. Bush, 2000
- "I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A ‘Semantic Web’, which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The ‘intelligent agents’ people have touted for ages will finally materialize." ~Tim Berners-Lee, 1999
1990: World Wide Web; Tim Berners-Lee [Original Proposal; video; 2:10]; CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire); HyperText Markup Language (HTML); Archie, Gopher, Wide Area Information Server (WAIS): internet search engines; Electronic Frontier Foundation; Microsoft Windows 3.0; Internet Toaster: internet 'appliances' (past; current); ARPANET formally shuts down; [=313,000 hosts]- 1991: HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Linux OS; High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 (Gore); National Information Infrastructure; Information Superhighway (Top Ten Anagrams for "Information Superhighway"); Pretty Good Privacy; MP3; webcam; QuickTime [=617,000 hosts]
- 1992: For the Class of 2014, No E-Mail or Wristwatches (Beloit mindset list); MBONE: audio/video multicast; "Surfing the Internet"; Internet Society (ISOC); [=1,136,000 hosts]
1993: Mosaic browser at NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications); whitehouse.gov; match.com; Netiquette; Wired magazine; [=2,056,000 hosts]
Pioneers of China's First Internet Connection Recall Work- 1994: Amazon; GeoCities: free web hosting; Netscape Navigator; Pizza Hut online ordering: eCommerce; banner ads [article]; WebCrawler: web spider, search engine; Yahoo: portal; internet banking; commercial spam email; [=3,864,000 hosts]
- 1995: eBay; Craigslist; Wiki: web tool; Snopes.com (urban legends); Ancestry.com: genealogy; Programming languages: Java, JavaScript, Php: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP); RealAudio: audio streaming [video; 3:00]; film: The Net; film: Hackers; ARPANet 25th anniversary; [=6,642,000 hosts]
- 1996: Internet Archive (aka Wayback Machine) [WBM]; HoTMaiL; WebTV; MapQuest (web mapping); internet phone (Nokia 9000); dancing baby; You Know You Are Addicted to the Internet When...; What If Dr. Seuss Did Technical Writing? "If a packet hits a pocket on a socket on a port,..." [=15,000,000+ hosts]
- 1997: blogs (nee weblogs); streaming media; push technology
1998: Google; Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN); Napster; Yahoo! Groups; eXtensible Markup Language (XML); email client: Eudora; Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) (published; 2128 (~3.4×1038) addresses); drkoop.com; film: You've Got Mail; cyberwar Kosovo- 1999: Wi-Fi, 802.11; Mac OS X; SETI@Home: grid computing; Really Simple Syndication (RSS): feed, syndication, aggregator [video; 1:25]; film: The Matrix; 'Google bomb'; Y2K; Internet Spring Cleaning. DO NOT CONNECT TO THE INTERNET FROM MARCH 31st 23:59 pm (GMT) UNTIL 12:01am (GMT) APRIL 1st.; HSW: world records (10)
2000s
2000: PayPal; CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart); CAPTCHArt; dot-com bubble- 2001: Wikipedia; peer-to-peer (P2P)
- 2003: CAN-SPAM Act; iTunes; LinkedIn; MySpace; Second Life; Skype: VoIP
2004: Facebook; Flickr; MyDoom (email worm); podcasts [video; 1:20]; Web 2.0; World of Warcraft (WoW): massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG)- 2005: YouTube; Google Earth
- 2006: Google Docs; Twitter; Wikileaks; cloud computing
- 2007: Hulu; iPhone: smart phones
- 2008: HTML5; Dropbox: file hosting service

2010s
- 2010: National [US] Broadplan Plan; US Cyber Command; tablet computing [Year of the Tablet; iPad]
20 Years Ago Today: The Web Was Proposed (12-Nov-2010)
Scientific American. The Web Turns 20: 1. Linked Data Gives People Power; 2. Social Machines Redesign Democracy; 3. Free Bandwidth Connects the Masses; 4. Web Science Reveals Human Interactions
5 Websites That Used to Rule the Internet: GeoCities; MySpace; Hotmail; Slashdot; Altavista
The (4) Men Who Stole the World: Fanning (Napster); Johansen (DVD decryption) Frankel (WinAmp & Gnutella); Cohen (BitTorrent)
Internet 2010 in numbers (websites, emails, users, ...)
MoMA’s Dept. of Architecture and Design acquires the @ symbol into its collection

Future?
- "The Future is, of all things, the thing least like eternity. It is the most temporal part of time -- for the Past is frozen and no longer flows, and the Present is all lit up with eternal rays." ~C.S. Lewis The Screwtape Letters
- "The best way to predict the future is to invent it." ~Alan Kay
- "I used to think that cyberspace was fifty years away. What I thought was fifty years away, was only ten years away. And what I thought was ten years away... it was already here. I just wasn't aware of it yet." ~Bruce Sterling
"I don't have to write about the future. For most people, the present is enough like the future to be pretty scary." ~William Gibson- "The future has already arrived. It's just not evenly distributed yet." ~William Gibson
What Will The Internet Look Like In 10 Years? (Internet Society scenarios)
2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal (Singularity; Kurzweil)
cartoons: upgrades, origin of people
Note: we'll look more at the future much more during upcoming sections.
History Sites
- Internet Society: histories
- Wikipedia: Intro, History (short); History of the Internet; History of the World Wide Web; Timeline of popular Internet services; Timeline of communication technology; The Jargon File; Internet phenomena; Computing Timelines: 2400 BC-1949; 1950-1979; 1980-1989; 1990-1999; 2000-2009
- Computer History Museum: Internet: 1962-1992; 2000-year history of the computer; A Guided Tour of Computing History; Storage, from RAMAC to microdrives; photos: evolution of hard drives
- Kleinrock: Internet History
- Hobbes' Internet Timeline: 1957-2009
- Living Internet: history
- Six Revisions: History of the Internet in a Nutshell; History of Web Browsers; 10 Infographics; Search Engines
- History of Computing Project: 1957-1976, 1976-1987, 1988-1994, 1995-2005
- PBS: Nerds 2.0.1. Brief History
- The Great Principles (& History) of Computing
- Getting Personal: A Q&A with a PARC Pioneer Reflecting on "The Office of the Future" 40 Years Later; PARC celebrates its 40 years of Silicon Valley innovation
- Other histories: Velocity Guide; NetValley; Ian Peter; davesite: 1957-2009
- ActewAGL: History; Growth Chart: 1970-1995
- Wikipedia: countries by # of internet users, countries by # of broadband users, broadband plans
- By The Numbers: Our Very Connected, Always-On World
- Internet Growth Charts; Internet Usage Growth Rate by Region
- Ghosts of the Internet: past, present, and future ghosts of the Internet showcase web trends throughout its existence.
- Popular Mechanics releases a gorgeously-illustrated guide to retro futurism (gallery: 1903-1969)
- InfoWorld Technology of the Year: 2004-2010
- The Lessons of 10 Years of Talking Tech
- The 15 Greatest Computer Books of All Time
- Crosswords: Internet History; Internet Terms; History of Computing

Terminology, Acronyms, Jargon, Quotes
- Wikipedia: Internet terminology; Internet meme; Jargon file
- PBS Geek Glossary
- Geek Alphabet
- Living Internet
- NetForBeginners
- NetLingo
- Webopedia
- Internet Slang Dictionary & Translator
- WikiQuote: Internet, Technology, Computer, Programming
- Snopes: quotes
- Internet: BrainyQuote, QuoteGarden, ThinkExist
- Technology: BrainyQuote, Gdargaud, QuoteGarden: Tech, QuoteGarden: Computers, ThinkExist
- DevTopics: Programming
- Quizzes (# of questions) [HSW]: Internet Basics (10); Internet Myths (20); World Records (10); Computer History (20)
- 12 Worst Tech Predictions Of All Time
Videos (mm:ss): Internet Intro 1:45; histories: animated, Monty Python style; 1:50; slide show/music video; 2:00; animated documentary; more tech., international; 8:15; lecture-style (for publishers); 7:15; email 1:20; viruses, trojans, worms; 2:30; IM (Instant Messaging); 1:50; Tim Berners-Lee; 2:10; streaming media; 3:00; RSS; 1:25; podcasts; 1:20; Future Prediction in 1967; 1:57- cartoons/images: OurFunnyPlanet; CartoonStock; Home Electronic Library: 1959
