Highlights

• "Technology is a gift of God... After the gift of life it is perhaps the greatest of God's gifts. It is the mother of civilizations, of arts and of sciences." ~Freeman Dyson
• BCE: Abacus; Astrolabe; Antikythera mechanism; 'social media' (papyrus)
• "We are the brothers and sisters of our machines... Minds and tools have been sharpened against each other ever since a scavenger's stone fractured cleanly and the first cutting edge was held in a hunter's hand." ~George Dyson, "Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence"
• 0CE-1600s: paper; printing press; slide rule

BCE

• ~2500 BCE: Abacus Mesopotamia; later in multiple civilizations: Persia, Greece, China, ...
• Why does this digital abacus exist? 2/14/2018
• ~220 BCE: Astrolabe
• How Astrolabes Work
• ~200 BCE: Antikythera mechanism ancient analog computer designed to calculate astronomical positions
• How the Antikythera Mechanism Worked
• A 2,000-year-old computer called the Antikythera Mechanism helped the ancient Greeks understand their universe 5/17/2017
• The World’s Oldest Computer May Have Been Used to Predict the Future like a textbook of astronomy; 6/10/2016
• The Antikythera Mechanism 11/23/2015
• 51 BCE: Cicero's Web: How Social Media Was Born in Ancient Rome how the dynamics of papyrus scrolls explain Facebook; 10/25/2013

0-1600s

• ~140 CE: paper; China. display device and strorage medium
• 1440: Printing press w/ metal movable type: Gutenberg in Europe; other types of type and materials earlier in other countries
• 1622: Slide rule, William Oughtred mechanical analog computer
• Oughtred Society: history
• Slide Rules were the Original Personal Computers 11/5/2015

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing hardware: Prehistory-AntiquityMedieval-1640
• The 50 Greatest Breakthroughs Since the Wheel The Atlantic; 10/23/2013
• Computer History Museum looks at 2000-year history of the computer 1/15/2011
• The Extremely Accurate History of the Internet: The Onion's new satirical documentary lands on Yahoo Humanity's Terrible Past: 50,000 Years Without WiFi; 11/14/2012

Highlights

• 1755: "Network: Any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections." ~Samuel Johnson; Dict. of the English Language
• 1779: Luddite: Technophobia; Here's Where the Word Luddite Really Comes From
• 1792: Semaphore line optical telegraphy: messages to a distant observer through line-of-sight signals
• 1795: Metric system Napoleon Bonaparte initiates project to switch from the old imperial system of measurements to metric system.
  For 10 years, scores of human "computers" made the necessary conversions and completed the tables; never published
• How the Metric System Works

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing hardware: 1641–1850
• Could We Have Built a Computer in the 18th Century? 11/12/2014

1800s

• 1801: Jacquard (or Jaccard) Loom mechanical loom controlled by a chain of punched cards, laced together into a continuous sequence

1820s

• 1822: Difference engine Charles Babbage: proposed mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions, including logarithmic and trigonometric; never built; inspired by Napoleon's tables?
• Computer History Museum: Babbage
• Who Invented the Computer?

1830s

• 1836: Telegraph: long-distance transmission of textual messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message
• pneumatic tubes; How Pneumatic Tubes Work
• "Victorian internet"; 'steampunk': science-fiction with steam-powered machinery; steam engines were invented earlier
• How Steampunk Works; How Robber Barons hijacked the "Victorian Internet"
• 1837: Analytical engine Charles Babbage: proposed mechanical general-purpose computer; never built
• Computer science: Enchantress of abstraction Richard Holmes re-examines the legacy of Ada Lovelace, mathematician and computer pioneer; 9/3/2015
• How Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage Invented the World’s First Computer: An Illustrated Adventure in Footnotes and Friendship 6/15/2015
• Lady Ada Lovelace; A Day to Remember the First Computer Programmer Was a Woman 10/15/2013

1840s

• 1844: Arithmometer commercial (4-function) mechanical calculator
• How Calculators Work
• 1846: Fax machine: transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images)
• How Fax Machines Work
• The Secret Life of the Fax Machine

1850s

• 1858: Transatlantic cable
• What Lies Beneath: The First Transatlantic Communications Cables 3/18/2016
• The Remarkable Story of the Underwater Internet 7/2014
• This Is What the Internet Looks Like as a Subway Map submarine fiber optic cables; 4/4/2014
• laying cables: first; later ones

1860s

• 1863: Darwin Among the Machines article by Samuel Butler article reworked into his 1872 novel Erewhon

1870s

• 1874: Typewriter first commercial
• Why are the keys arranged the way they are on a QWERTY keyboard?
• 1876: Telephone
• How Telephones Work
• The Secret Life of the Telephone
• More 1876 than 1995 how the Internet of Things is more on par with the Industrial Revolution than the digital revolution; 2/20/2014
• 1876: Telectroscope conceptual model of a television or videophone system
• 1878: Telephonoscope fictional videophone + television illustration by George du Maurier

1880s

• 1883: "internet" was used, uncapitalized, as a verb and adjective to refer to interconnected motions.

1890s

• Le Vingtième siècle. La vie électrique by Albert Robida 'The twentieth century. Electric life' SF novel: life in 1955 France; Telephonoscope combines the capabilities of the modern TV, VCR and webcam
• 1894: Radio; How Radio Works
• 1895: Paul Otlet, father of "informaton science": Universal Bibliographic Repertory, a card catalog, information system, search service, universal libraries -- later: Mundaneum
• A forgotten Belgian genius dreamed up the internet over 100 years ago 5/23/2014
• 1898: "From The 'London Times' of 1904", short story by Mark Twain described a fictional invention called a "telectroscope," which worked as a global telephone and made "daily doings of the globe visible to everybody, and audibly discussable too, by witnesses separated by any number of leagues."

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing hardware: 1641–1850, 1851–1930
• Paleofuture (predictions): 1870s; 1880s; 1890s; Early Predictions of the Internet Date Back to 19th Century Sci-Fi
• 'From Atoms to Bits': A Brilliant Visual History of American Ideas word frequency in patent applications from 1840s to present; 2/16/2015
• Understanding the Web, for Fans of Charles Dickens flowchart: "Explain the Internet to a 19th Century British Street Urchin"; 10/26/2010
• Top 10 Industrial Revolution Inventions #10: Difference and Analytical Engines; #3: Telegraph

• 1906: Vacuum tube: triode
• 1912: What May Happen in the Next Hundred Years The Ladies' Home Journal;
  What the Future Looked Like 100 Years Ago -- and 5 Predictions That Came True; 2/24/2012;
  "Telephones around the world..."
• 1913: Crossword; "FUN's Word-Cross Puzzle"; OLLI Course: Crosswords: History
• 1920s: Television How Television Works
• 1931: NY Times Views 2011 From 1931: "Technological progress, with its exponential law of increase, holds the key to the future. ... Humanity?s most versatile servant will be the electron tube. The communication and transportation inventions will smooth out regional differences and level us in some respects to uniformity....Communication by printed and spoken word and television [should become] much more common than at present, so that the whole earth will be one great neighborhood."
• 1933: This Was the TV of the Future in 1933 12/13/2013
• 1934: Communications Act of 1934 established US' Federal regulation of electronic communications; precedent for later Internet laws/proposals
• 1938: World Brain [ebook version] by H. G. Wells. "Without a World Encyclopaedia to hold men's minds together in something like a common interpretation of reality, there is no hope whatever of anything but an accidental and transitory alleviation of any of our world troubles...The time is close at hand, when any student, in any part of the world, will be able to sit with his projector in his own study at his or her convenience to examine any book, any document, in an exact replica."
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 1: 1900-1910 Theory of Relativity; Toaster Heating Element; Football's Forward Pass; Tanks; Vacuum Tube; Gas-Powered Mercedes; Nintendo (playing cards); A Trip to the Moon; Bakelite; Radio; FBI; Kodak Brownie; 10/8/2012
• Part 2: 1910s Flip-Flop Circuit; Panama Canal; Golf in US; Fighter Planes; Prohibition; Erector Set; First Crossword Puzzle; Electric Household Refrigerator; Modern Assembly Line; Superconductivity; Nikon; Snap-On Wrench; 10/25/2012
• Part 3: 1920s R.U.R. (robots); IBM 80-Column Punch Card; Amphibious Warfare; Art Deco; Babe Ruth; Tri-motor Airplane; Leica I and the 35mm Standard; Polygraph; Scopes Monkey Trial; McKinsey and Company; Traffic Light; Mickey Mouse; 11/2/2012
• Part 4: 1930s Radar; Works Progress Administration; Schrödinger's Cat; Pop Culture Characters; Nylon; Z1 computer by Zuse; Ballpoint Pen; Kodachrome; Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias; War of the Worlds; Electric Pinball; Volkswagen Beetle; 11/9/2012
• Computing Timelines: 1900-1939
• Paleofuture: 1900s; 1910s; 1920s; 1930s
• Popular Mechanics releases a gorgeously-illustrated guide to retro futurism (gallery: 1903-1969)

Highlights

• 1906: Vacuum tube: triode

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing hardware: 1851–1930
• Paleofuture: 1900s
• Popular Mechanics releases a gorgeously-illustrated guide to retro futurism (gallery: 1903-1969)

Highlights

• 1913: Crossword; "FUN's Word-Cross Puzzle"; OLLI Course: Crosswords: History

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing hardware: 1851–1930
• Paleofuture: 1910s
• The Decades That Invented the Future: 1910s Flip-Flop Circuit; Panama Canal; Golf in US; Fighter Planes; Prohibition; Erector Set; First Crossword Puzzle; Electric Household Refrigerator; Modern Assembly Line; Superconductivity; Nikon; Snap-On Wrench; Wired; 10/25/2012
• 22 Incredible Images Show What the Future Looked Like 100 Years Ago French magazine Le Petite Journal; Giz; 3/10/2014
• 10 inventions that owe their success to World War One BBC; 4/13/2014
• What May Happen in the Next Hundred Years The Ladies' Home Journal;
  What the Future Looked Like 100 Years Ago -- and 5 Predictions That Came True; 2/24/2012;
  "Telephones around the world..."

Highlights

• 1920s: Television How Television Works
• The Secret Life of the Television graphic
• 1927: Emanuel Goldberg patents a device called the Statistical Machine so-called search card / search engine used photoelectric cells and pattern recognition to search the metadata on rolls of microfilmed documents; Wikipedia, more

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing hardware: 1851–1930
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 3: 1920s R.U.R. (robots); IBM 80-Column Punch Card; Amphibious Warfare; Art Deco; Babe Ruth; Tri-motor Airplane; Leica I and the 35mm Standard; Polygraph; Scopes Monkey Trial; McKinsey and Company; Traffic Light; Mickey Mouse; Wired; 11/2/2012
• Paleofuture: 1920s

Highlights

• 1931: NY Times Views 2011 From 1931: "Technological progress, with its exponential law of increase, holds the key to the future. ... Humanity?s most versatile servant will be the electron tube. The communication and transportation inventions will smooth out regional differences and level us in some respects to uniformity....Communication by printed and spoken word and television [should become] much more common than at present, so that the whole earth will be one great neighborhood."
• 1933: This Was the TV of the Future in 1933 Giz; 12/13/2013
• 1934: Communications Act of 1934 established US' Federal regulation of electronic communications; precedent for later Internet laws/proposals
• 1935: Paul Otlet's book: Monde about "Mundaneum" / "Mondotheque": "Everything in the universe, and everything of man, would be registered at a distance as it was produced. In this way a moving image of the world will be established, a true mirror of his memory. From a distance, everyone will be able to read text, enlarged and limited to the desired subject, projected on an individual screen. In this way, everyone from his armchair will be able to contemplate the whole of creation, in whole or in certain parts."
• 1938: World Brain [ebook version] by H. G. Wells. "Without a World Encyclopaedia to hold men's minds together in something like a common interpretation of reality, there is no hope whatever of anything but an accidental and transitory alleviation of any of our world troubles...The time is close at hand, when any student, in any part of the world, will be able to sit with his projector in his own study at his or her convenience to examine any book, any document, in an exact replica."

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing hardware: 1931–1940
• Computer History Museum: 1930s
  
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 4: 1930s Radar; Works Progress Administration; Schrödinger's Cat; Pop Culture Characters; Nylon; Z1 computer by Zuse; Ballpoint Pen; Kodachrome; Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias; War of the Worlds; Electric Pinball; Volkswagen Beetle; Wired; 11/9/2012
• Paleofuture: 1930s

Highlights

• 1940:
• 1941:
• Turing's Spirit Hovers at a Restored Estate where the Real 'Imitation Game' Happened; NYT; 11/28/2014
• 1942: "creative destruction" phrase coined by the economist Joseph Schumpeter to describe the less-than-tidy way free markets lead to progress, e.g., the telephone replaced the telegraph; the cellphone replaced the telephone; the smartphone is replacing the cellphone; related to later 'disruptive innovation'
• 1943: "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers." ~TJ Watson, IBM; (myth)
• 1944: Colossus: world's first electronic programmable digital computer; used by British codebreakers during World War II
• Colossus World War Two code-breaking machine celebrates 70th birthday 2/5/2014
• Of Codebreakers and Mechanical Giants Enigma; 5/30/2011
• 1945: Memex in article As We May Think: "[The Memex is a] sort of mechanized private file and library...a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory." by Vannevar Bush: head of U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) during World War II, through which almost all wartime military R&D was carried out, including initiation and early administration of the Manhattan Project
• The Secret History of Hypertext 5/22/2014
• How Your Travels Around the Internet Expose the Way You Think TrailBlazer; Wired; 2/10/2015
• DARPA seeks the Holy Grail of search engines DARPA?s Memex program focuses on domain-specific indexing of public web content; associative indexing; 2/10/2014
• As We May Think: A 1945 Essay on Information Overload, "Curation," and Open-Access Science 10/11/2012; animation: 2:30
• In a Wireless World article, science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke described in detail the possible use of communications satellites for mass communications.
• 1946: ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, first electronic general-purpose computer
• A Logic Named Joe: The 1946 sci-fi short that nailed modern tech 70 years later, Murray Leinster's disaster scenario is the internet you know and love; story source; Reg; 3/19/2016
• The World's First Computer Has Finally Been Resurrected Perot; Wired; 11/25/2014
• Project RAND initially at Douglas Aircraft
• Stanford Research Institute (SRI) R&D organization
• Sony Internet TV Foreseen In 1946
• 1947: Transistor: semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power; How Transistors Work
• Electronics 101: diodes, transistors, ...; The transistor turns 65, awaits AARP card 12/16/2012
• Cold War research funding -- until 1991
• videophone: Here's What Skype Was Like In 1947 2/13/2015
• software bug Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer.
• 1948: Cybernetics Norbert Wiener: transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems, their structures, constraints, and possibilities
• How the Bit Was Born: Claude Shannon and the Invention of Information 9/6/2016
• The Man Who Turned Paper into Pixels: How Mathematician and Black Jack Wizard Claude Shannon Ignited the Information Age 7/8/2014
• RAND (Research ANd Development) Corporation Project RAND spin-off
• Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN): R&D organization; later developed IMPs (network routers)
• 1949: Nineteen Eighty-Four; NSA surveillance goes beyond Orwell's imagination 9/23/2013
• Ben Bova predicted Sputnik in 1949, but no publisher would touch his (SF) novel 10/19/2010
• "Where a calculator on the ENIAC is equipped with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers in the future may have only 1,000 vaccuum tubes and perhaps weigh 1.5 tons." ~Popular Mechanics
• 1949: "It would appear that we have reached the limits of what it is possible to achieve with computer technology." ~John von Neumann; fake quote

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing hardware: 1941–1949
• Computer History Museum: 1940s
  
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 5: 1940s Manhattan Project; George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four; Polaroid Camera; Computer Bug; First Videogame; Guided Missile; House Committee on Un-American Activities; Materials Rationing; Helicopter; Microwave; Jackie Robinson; Start of Silicon Valley; Wired; 11/15/2012
• Paleofuture: 1940s

Highlights

• 1950: National Science Foundation (NSF)
• 1951: UNIVAC I; UNIVersal Automatic Computer; predicted 1952 election; Computer History Quiz
• UNIVAC: the troubled life of America's first computer 9/18/2011
• "It seems probable that once the machine thinking method has started, it would not take long to outstrip our feeble powers. ... At some stage therefore we should have to expect the machines to take control, in the way that is mentioned in Samuel Butler's 'Erewhon'." ~Alan Turing
• 1952:
• 1953:
• 1954: Silicon transistor
• "...the ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue" ~John_ von Neumann: origin of term "singularity" which we'll revisit again under Future
• 1955:
• 1956: Intelligence Amplification (IA) (tools for smarter people); Artificial Intelligence (AI) (smarter computers)
• Fortran FORmula TRANslating System: scientific programming language
• 1957: Sputnik; How Sputnik Worked
• Fairchild Semiconductor
• 1958: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) created by President Eisenhower in 1958 for the purpose of forming and executing research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, and able to reach far beyond immediate military requirements; later renamed "DARPA"
• LISP: high-level programming language LISt Processing; used in AI
• Modem (phone) ATT Bell Labs modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, demodulates to decode the transmitted information
• How Modems Work; How High-speed Dial-up Works
• "What, exactly, is the Internet? Basically it is a global network exchanging digitized data in such a way that any computer, anywhere, that is equipped with a device called a "modem" can make a noise like a duck choking on a kazoo." ~Dave Barry
• MITRE Corp. R&D organization
• 1959: image: Home Electronic Library
• Life Magazine's Predictions in 1959 for 1975

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing: 1950--79
• Computer History Museum: 1950s
  
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 6: 1950s Transistorized Computer; Sci-Fi Cinema, Rock&Roll; Spy Satellites; Hockey Mask; Hovercraft; Digital Photograph; Tennis for Two (videogame); DNA; Black Box; Fidel Castro; Catalyzed Plastics; ICEE Machine; Wired; 11/22/2012
• Computing Timelines: 1950s
• Paleofuture: 1950s
• 42 Visions For Tomorrow From The Golden Age of Futurism 1958-1963; Giz; 2/4/2015

Highlights

• 1960: "Man-Computer Symbiosis" by J. C. R. Licklider: Computer Networks; "A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions."
• Echo communications satellite; How Satellites Work
• "There is practically no chance communications space satellites will be used to provide better telephone, telegraph, television, or radio service inside the United States." ~T. Craven, FCC Commissioner
• 1961: Time sharing: sharing of a computing resource among many users
• "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" by Leonard Kleinrock
• Leonard Kleinrock, the TX-2 and the Seeds of the Internet 10/1/2012
• How Pacific Island Missile Tests Helped Launch the Internet 8/27/2012
• 1962: "Augmenting Human Intellect" by Douglas Engelbart: systems to increase human capability and comprehension
• Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA: Licklider appointed head
• "On-Line Man Computer Communication" by Licklider and Wesley A. Clark
• T1 line ATT; greatly increased the number of telephone calls the telephone network was capable of transmitting at one time; How does a T1 line work?
  
• "Intergalactic Computer Network" coined by Licklider; Interplanetary Internet; How Interplanetary Internet Will Work
• We're building an interplanetary internet MarsNet; 12/13/2013
• NASA says first space Internet test 'beyond expectations' lasers could replace radio for future robotic and human space missions; 10/22/2013
• Talking to the neighbours a modest proposal for an interstellar communications network; 4/7/2011
• 1963: Sketchpad Ivan Sutherland ancestor of interactive graphic interface and computer-aided drafting (CAD)
• ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange; character-encoding scheme
• How the Standard ASCII Character Set Works
• 1964: Packet Switching digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data --
  regardless of content, type, or structure -- into suitably sized blocks, called packets; MIT, RAND (Baran), NPL (Davies) in GB
• What is a packet?; Why Do We Call Them Internet Packets? His Name Was Donald Davies; 9/10/2012
• "On Distributed Communications Networks" by Paul Baran
• What Do the H-Bomb and the Internet Have in Common? Paul Baran; 9/3/2012
• Was ARPAnet designed to survive a nuclear attack?
• SABRE Semi-automated Business Research Environment; air travel reservation & online transaction processing at American Airlines
• "Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned." ~Marshall McLuhan
• 1965: Wide Area Network (WAN) telecommunications network that covers a broad area, e.g., metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries; MIT-RAND
• Moore's 'Law' observation: over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years; or, performance: 100x/decade; How Moore's Law Works
• Moore's Law isn't making chips cheaper anymore choose two tradeoffs: more speed, less power consumption, lower cost; 12/5/2013
• What happens when computers stop shrinking? by around 2020, the age of the ever-smaller chip will come to an end...; 3/19/2011
• Project Xanadu Ted Nelson: "Hypertext", "Hypermedia"
• 1966:
• 1967: Interface Message Processors (IMPs): Routers first generation of gateways between networks
• 'Interfaith' Message Processor Sen. Ted Kennedy sends congratulatory telegram to BBN for winning contract
• "disintermediation" In economics, the removal of intermediaries in a supply chain, or "cutting out the middleman". Instead of going through traditional distribution channels, which had some type of intermediate (such as a distributor, wholesaler, broker, or agent), companies may now deal with every customer directly, for example via the Internet; term originally applied to the banking industry
• Prediction of PC use in 1999 video: 1:57
• 1968: NLS (oN-Line System) Engelbart at SRI: "Mother of all Demos: window interface, mouse
• What device did Douglas Engelbart invent?; Myth: 5: Microsoft Invented "Windows"
• An Homage to Douglas Engelbart and a Critique of the State of Tech Shakespearean-style by Ted Nelson; 12/16/2013
• 45 Years Ago, Doug Engelbart Gave the Most Important Tech Demo Ever 12/9/2013
• Douglas C. Engelbart, Inventor of the Computer Mouse, Dies at 88 7/3/2013
• "The Computer as a Communication Device" by Licklider and Robert Taylor
• Intel Corp.
• SYSTRAN: machine translation; How Electronic Language Translators Work
• Mistranslation Myths:
  • from English to Russian: "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak"
  • back to English: "The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten"
• 1969: ARPAnet; maps: 2 hosts: UCLA-SRI, 4 hosts: UCLA, UCSB, SRI, Utah
  The Rise And Fall of the ARPANET (1969-1989) in One GIF 9/5/2013
• Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Larry Roberts: "fathers" of the Internet
• The Day the Infant Internet Uttered its First Words Kleinrock; 4/6/2011; How ARPANET Works
• "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system." ~Al Gore, 1999
• Al Gore and the Internet Kahn&Cerf: Al Gore was the first political leader to recognize the importance of the Internet and to promote and support its development
• Did Al Gore Invent the Internet? 10/18/2013; 'invented' myth; "Atari Democrat"
• "The day I made that statement," [about inventing the internet] "I was tired because I'd been up all night inventing the Camcorder." ~Al Gore
• "If Al Gore invented the Internet, I invented spell check." ~Dan Quayle
• The Internet? We Built That 9/21/2012
• Yes, Government Researchers Really Did Invent the Internet 7/23/2012
• So, who really did invent the Internet? 7/23/2012
• When WSJ Flunks Internet History, Blogs Step In To Educate 7/23/2012
• Larry Roberts Calls Himself the Founder of the Internet. Who Are You to Argue? 9/24/2012
• The Internet Gets a Hall of Fame Pioneers; Innovators; Global Connectors; including Al Gore; 4/23/2012
• UK's 'Nobel prize for engineering' given to 'inventors of the interwebs' Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering has been awarded for the first time. The winners are described as the "five engineers who created the internet and the World Wide Web"; Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf and Louis Pouzin for their contributions to the protocols that make up the fundamental architecture of the Internet, Tim Berners-Lee who created the World Wide Web and Marc Andreessen who wrote the Mosaic browser; 3/18/2013
• Telnet: network protocol for bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication using a virtual terminal connection
• Apollo 11 moon landing; Beatles disband
• Before the iPad, There Was the Honeywell Kitchen Computer 11/22/2012

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing: 1950--79
• Computer History Museum: 1960s; Internet History 1962 to 1992
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 7: 1960s 2001: A Space Odyssey; venture capital (Rock and Davis); Compact Disc; Douglas Engelbart's "Mother of All Demos"; Muhammad Ali; Nuclear Powered Carrier; Sketchpad (drawing program); Psychedelic Research; Spacewar (videogame); Concorde; Kennedy Assassination; Saigon Execution Photo; Wired; 12/06/2012
• Paleofuture: 1960s; Amazing 1960s Predictions About Satellites, Email, and the Internet
• Where Wizards Stay Up Late: the Origins of the INTERNET by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Simon & Schuster, 1996
• History of the Internet; Top 5 Myths About the Internet
• Hilarious and Surprising Predictions of the Future -- from the 1960s! (videos)

• 1970: Hosts: 14
• Network Control Program NCP provided the middle Transport (vs. Physical and Data Link) layer of the protocol stack. Application services, such as email and file transfer,
  were built on top of NCP, using it to handle connections to other host computers; became obsolete when TCP/IP adopted; How ARPANET Works: Protocols
• ALOHAnet wireless packet data network
• Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)
• The Electronic Avenue: How Xerox Predicted the Internet With a Broadway Show Tune 12/27/2013
• Getting Personal: A Q&A with a PARC Pioneer Reflecting on "The Office of the Future" 40 Years Later 9/18/2010
• PARC celebrates its 40 years of Silicon Valley innovation; 9/23/2010; The World of Xerox at the DigiBarn photos
• Unix operating system
• film: Colossus: The Forbin Project a massive American defense computer becomes sentient and decides to assume control of the world
• Source Code in TV and Films images of the computer code appearing in TV and films and what they really are; 1/3/2014
• "[Satellites will one day] bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to our fingertips [using an office console that would combine the functionality of the xerox, telephone, TV and a small computer so as to allow both data transfer and video conferencing around the globe]." ~Arthur C. Clarke
• 1971: Hosts: 23 (nodes: 15); map; UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames
• Intel 4004: Microprocessor combines computer's central processing unit (CPU) functions onto a single integrated circuit (or several chips);
  How Microprocessors Work
• Project Gutenberg: E-book, digital library; OLLI Course: E-books: History
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another
• "Silicon Valley"
• E-mail; How E-mail Works; Quiz; What do you call the symbol used in e-mail addresses?; video: 1:17
• "The newest computer can merely compound, at speed, the oldest problem in the relations between human beings, and in the end the communicator will be confronted with the old problem, of what to say and how to say it." ~Edward R. Murrow
• "EMAIL: when it absolutely positively has to get lost at the speed of light." ~Anonymous
• "I get mail, therefore I am." ~Scott Adams
• The Man Who Made You Put Away Your Pen Ray Tomlinson; 11/15/2009
• The History of Email INFOGRAPHIC; 6/18/2011; Timeline: A brief history of email graphic; 6/19/2012
• E-Mail Birthday Intrigue 9/6/2012; Who Invented Email? Just Ask Noam Chomsky "EMAIL"; 6/16/2012
• MoMA?s Dept. of Architecture and Design acquires the @ symbol into its collection 3/22/2010
• Internet To Reduce E-Mail Delivery To 6 Days A Week The Onion; 3/28/2009
• 1972: Hosts: 23
• SAGE Semi-Automatic Ground Environment; air defense network
• CYCLADES French network
• C programming language; Bell Labs; How C Programming Works
• Smalltalk: Object-oriented programming; Xerox PARC; Steve Jobs saw demos in 1979;
  Dynabook concept: "A personal computer for children of all ages"
• 1973: Hosts: 30; map; ?, Xerox PARC; Norway; London
• Alto personal computer Xerox PARC
• handheld mobile phone; Motorola; it sold for $3,995 and weighed two pounds, leading to the nickname "the brick"
• Who Made That Cellphone? Motorola; 3/15/2013
• Global Positioning System: satellite navigation Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS) / Navstar; provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth
• People Didn't Trust the Internet Before There Even Was One Christian Science Monitor; security and privacy; 12/10/2013
• Tech Time Warp of the Week: Bell Labs Computer Center 3/8/2013
• 1974: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable, ordered, error-checked delivery of a stream of packets
• How does the Internet work?: A Matter of Protocols; video: 6:12
• A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication: Cerf, Kahn [.pdf]; "A protocol that supports the sharing of resources that exist in different packet switching networks is presented. The protocol provides for variation in individual network packet sizes, transmission failures, sequencing, flow control, end-to-end error checking, ...."
• Ethernet: Local Area Network (LAN) Xerox PARC; How Ethernet Works
• Speed matters: how Ethernet went from 3Mbps to 100Gbps... and beyond 7/14/2011
• "Internetwork" commonly shortened to "Internet"
• Arthur C. Clarke Describes PC, Internet personal computer, telecommuting, internet commerce; video: 1:33; 11/8/2012
• 1975: Hosts: 61; map
• Shockwave Rider by John Brunner; computer worm: replicates itself in order to spread to other computers, often via a computer network
• email list SF-Lovers
• 1976: Hosts: 111
• UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-CoPy); X.25 protocol/networks
• William Shatner explains what microprocessors are and do video: 14:44
• 1977: personal computer commercialized: Apple II; Commodore PET; Radio Shack TRS-80
• How PCs Work; History of the Personal Computer; 10 Most Popular Computers in History; Apple Quiz
• "There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home." ~Ken Olsen, DEC out of context
• Voyager 1 launched; Voyager 1 Leaves Solar System, NASA Confirms 9/12/2013
• 1978: Compuserve: online service first major commercial US service (but not connected to Arpanet)
• Before the Internet: The golden age of online services AOL, BIX, CompuServe, GEnie, Prodigy; 4/5/2012
• Multi User Dungeon (MUD): virtual world
• spam email name from Monty Python and the Holy Grail; first mass-email advertised the availability of a new computer model from Digital Equipment Corporation
• How Spam Works; phishing; How Phishing Works
• The decade-long quest to stop 'Spamford' Wallace Sanford Wallace; 1995-; 12/22/2013
• Spam: A Shadow History of the Internet. Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4 Scientific American; 6/18/2013
• How Can I Find Out Why My Email Account Just Spammed My Friends and Family? 1/13/2012
• How to Boost Your Phishing Scam Detection Skills 1/4/2012
• 1979: Usenet ("The Poor Man's Arpanet"): Newsgroup; Bulletin board system
• The Source online service
• Internet forum/message board; How Newsgroups Work
• flaming; troll; How Trolls Work
• Study Shockingly Suggests Internet Trolls May Not Be Very Nice Or Particularly Mentally Healthy In Real Life 2/28/2014
• Four Ways to Improve the Culture of Commenting 9/23/2013
• Give Yourself 5 Stars? Online, It Might Cost You 9/22/2013
• No Comments history of commenting; 9/20/2013
• Why We're Shutting Off Our Comments Popular Science; 9/24/2013; "Everything, from evolution to the origins of climate change, is mistakenly up for grabs again. And because comments sections tend to be a grotesque reflection of the media culture surrounding them, the cynical work of undermining bedrock scientific doctrine is now being done beneath our own stories, within a website devoted to championing science."
• Troll, Reveal Thyself Why we need to get rid of anonymous comments; 3/9/2011
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) telephones and data terminals both share existing telephone wires
• How DSL Works; quiz; How VDSL (Very high bit-rate DSL) Works
• The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams: "a sort of electronic book [that] tells you everything you need to know about anything."
• The 42 Things You Should Know About 'The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 8: 1970s Apple II; Weapons-Grade Lasers; Pentagon Papers; Title IX; Computer Printers; Altair; Atari; Modern Sci-Fi ETs; Anti-Lock Braking System; Color Fine-Art Photography; Fractals; Nixon's nuclear "Project Independence"; 12/13/2012
• Computing Timelines: 1970s
• Paleofuture: 1970s
• Computer History Museum: 1970s
• Hilarious and Awesome Computer Ads from the Golden Age of PCs 3/28/2013

• 1980: Metcalfe's law: network effects; "value of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users"
• Internet Movie Database
• 1981: Hosts: 213 with another host connecting approximately every twenty days
• IPv4: ~4.3 billion (2³²) Internet Protocol (IP) addresses; IPv4 "address exhaustion": from ever more users and devices
• "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."
• What is an IP address?; Can you really be traced from your IP address? 3/28/2011
• CSNet Computer Science Network; BITNET Because It's There Network; How did the Internet start?: Early Networks
• Minitel; On the Farms of France, the Death of a Pixelated Workhorse 6/27/2012
• IBM PC; MS-DOS; Microsoft Quiz
• Osborne 1: portable computer; What was the first portable computer?; 30 years of mobile computing 4/5/2011
• True Names by Vernor Vinge: Transhumanism; cyberpunk; What's the technological singularity?
• 1982: map
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): sending email; How E-mail Works: The SMTP Server
• FAQ Frequently Asked Questions; emoticon :-) originated 1881
• European UNIX Network EUNet
• 1983: Hosts: 562; map
• Apple Lisa; Tech Time Warp of the Week 10/25/2013
• SUN workstation "Stanford University Network"; SUN Microsystems; Unix
• Viewtron: videotex; Why didn't Internet on TV take off in 1983? video
• 1984: Hosts: 1024; initial set of top-level "general purpose" domains: .com, .edu, .net, .gov, .mil, .org
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• List of Internet top-level domains; generic top-level domains (gTLDs)
• How Domain Name Servers Work; What are the standard top-level domain names and who controls them?
• Where are all the Internet domain names registered and maintained?
• cybersquatting registering a domain name that should belong to someone else with that trademark
• typosquatting aka URL hijacking; e.g., googl.com
• First new gTLDs added to the root zone of the Domain Name System the gTLD process will result in expansion of top-level domains from 22 to up to 1400; 10/23/2013
• Coming Soon to the Internet: The .whatever Address 6/20/2011
• New Internet Designations Created The Onion: .trump,.whyisthisawebsite,...; 6/21/2012
• Cisco Systems: network switch, router; Cisco history; The Long and Wireless Road to a Home Router 4/7/2011
• How Routers Work; Router Quiz; How Routing Algorithms Work
• How LAN Switches Work; How Home Networking Works; Home Networking Quiz
• Network Address Translation (NAT); How Network Address Translation Works; How Internet Infrastructure Works
• How to Secure Your Home Network; How hard is it to set up a network between two computers in my home?
• videos: home connection; 0:45; home networking; 3:16
• Why Support Tells You to Wait 10 Seconds Before Rebooting Your Router 7/19/2013
• Why Do I Have to Keep Resetting My Router, and How Can I Fix It? 6/16/2012
• FidoNet: worldwide computer network used to communicate between bulletin board systems
• Macintosh Apple
• Hands on with the first Mac: Apple's Macintosh 128K 'review'; 1/24/2014
• The Mac and other things turning 30 in 2014 1/24/2014
• Apple: 30 Years of the Mac 1/24/2014
• NoteCards hypertext personal knowledge basesystem; Xerox PARC
• film: The Terminator: Skynet, self-aware defense network
• DARPA Tried to Build Skynet in the 1980s 12/18/2013
• Neuromancer by William Gibson: cyberspace; 10 of the World?s Most Groundbreaking Futurists: 5: William Gibson
• What Is War in the Digital Realm? A Reality Check on the Meaning of 'Cyberspace' 11/26/2013
• 1985: Hosts: 1961
• symbolics.com 1st registered domain; now, ad site
• WELL Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link: virtual communities, social networking service
• Windows 1.0; Windows' Rivals: The Ones That Didn't Make It Visi On; TopView; GEM; DESQview; DeskMate; GEOS; 11/24/2010
• film: Tron
• Did this 1985 film coin the phrase 'information superhighway' and predict Siri? ATT video; 6/21/2012
• 1986: Hosts: 2,308
• Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986 introduced by Sen. Albert Gore
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): Request for Comments (RFC) over 1000 issued; Who owns the Internet?
• Meet the Man Who Invented the Instructions for the Internet Steve Crocker; RFCs; 5/18/2012
• Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) foundation for HTML (web) and EPUB (e-books)
• LISTSERV: electronic mailing list
• Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) for newsgroups; How Newsgroups Work
• 1987: Hosts: 28,174; maps: Internet, NSFNet
• GIF: Graphics Interchange Format Compuserve
• How Web Animation Works; Why are there so many different image formats on the Web?
• HyperCard Apple; Intermedia Brown Univ.
• 25 years of HyperCard -- the missing link to the Web before the World Wide Web did anything, HyperCard did everything; 5/30/2012
• Knowledge Navigator: search agent Apple; set in 2011. not realized except...
• How Apple Invented The Future (and the iPad) in 1986 10/24/2011; How Siri Works
• Project 2000 student competition in 1988; 5/10/2007
• 1988: Hosts: 56,000; connections to Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Norway...
• NeXT Computer Steve Jobs; used at CERN for web
• Computer Emergency Response Team Internet security incidents and cyberthreats; (not Ashland CERT)
• Malware: short for malicious software, is a general term used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile or intrusive software,
  e.g, to disrupt computer operation, gather sensitive information, or gain access to private computer systems. Only some is internet-related.
• Videos: malware: viruses, trojans, worms, 2:32
• Reporting From the Web?s Underbelly cybersecurity blog, Krebs on Security, covers a particularly dark corner of the Internet: profit-seeking cybercriminals, many based in Eastern Europe, who make billions off pharmaceutical sales, malware, spam, frauds and heists; 2/16/2014
• How to Detect Online Scams; What?s the Difference Between Viruses, Trojans, Worms, and Other Malware?
  • Viruses Wreak Havoc On Your Files
  • Spyware Steals Your Information
  • Scareware Holds Your PC for Ransom
  • Trojan Horses Install a Backdoor
  • Worms Infect Through the Network
• Worm: malware that actively transmits itself (automatically, w/o user intervention) over a network to infect other computers
• examples: Shockwave Rider 1975 S-F novel; Morris Worm 1988; Conflicker 2008; Stuxnet 2010; Iran uranium centrifuges
• The Stuxnet Worm Had an Evil Secret Twin 11/20/2013
• Eye-opening ?Morris worm? turns 25 tomorrow here's how a Boston PBS station covered the story at the time; 11/1/2013
• Virus: malware that has infected some executable software and, when run (usually by user opening a program, email or document), causes the virus to spread.
• How Computer Viruses Work; How to Know if Your Computer is Infected with a Virus; How do viruses and worms spread in e-mail?
• 10 Worst Computer Viruses of All Time; Nine Common Myths and Misconceptions About Viruses, Examined and Debunked
• How to Delete the Worst Computer Virus: Part 1, Part 2 6/12/2013
• Trojan Horse: malware that appears benign/desirable but conceals malicious code; e.g., Zeus (2007-); How Trojan Horses Work
• Botnet: collection of Internet-connected programs communicating with other similar programs in order to perform tasks -- some may be malware
• Zombie computer: malware used to send email spam, to host contraband data such as child pornography, or to extort via distributed denial-of-service attacks.
• How Zombie Computers Work; How to Fix Your Zombie Computer
• Spyware: malware that monitors users' web browsing, displays unsolicited advertisements, or redirects affiliate marketing revenues to the spyware creator.
  Keystroke logging is the action of recording (or logging) the keys struck on a keyboard, typically in a covert manner, e.g., passwords
• How Spyware Works; How to Avoid Spyware; How to Scan for and Remove Spyware
• Rootkits modify the host's operating system so that the malware is hidden from the user.
• Ransomware: restricts access to the system that it infects, and demands a ransom paid to the creator of the malware in order to remove the restriction.
• Logic bomb: malware triggered by certain conditions, e.g., programmer fired; How does a logic bomb work?
• Hacker (black hat); How Hackers Work; Firewall; How Firewalls Work; Computer Security Quiz
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC): online chat synchronous conferencing
• How do web conferencing programs work?; How Web Conferencing Security Works; How to Host a Web Conference; Quiz
• How Web Seminars Work; How Online Presentations Work
• 1989: Hosts: 100,000+; connection to commercial services and Internet Service Providers (ISP), e.g., Compuserve
• The First Analysis Of The Web: Vague, But Exciting Berners-Lee's first proposal; 4/18/2012
• The Web at 25 in the U.S. Pew; overall verdict: The internet has been a plus for society and an especially good thing for individual users; 2/27/2014
• America OnLine (AOL) formerly Quantum Link; How AOL Mail Works
• Instant Messaging (IM); How AOL Instant Messenger Works; video; 1:50
• Fetch: ftp client (application)
• The Decades That Invented the Future Part 9: 1980s Space Shuttle Columbia; IBM PC; Macintosh; MTV; Miracle on Ice; Leveraged Buyout; Nintendo NES; Sandra Day O'Conner; Stealth; Additive Manufacturing (early 3D printing); In-Car Stereos; Autofocus; 12/21/2012
• Computing Timelines: 1980s
• Computer History Museum: 1980s
• Paleofuture: 1980s
• Amazing ?80s Ads From Omni, the Mag That Defined Geekdom 2/27/2014

• 1990: Hosts: ~313,000; ARPANET formally shuts down
• World Wide Web; Tim Berners-Lee; Original Proposal; video: 2:10
• 20 Years Ago Today: The Web Was Proposed 11/12/2010
• Scientific American. The Web Turns 20: 1. Linked Data Gives People Power; 2. Social Machines Redesign Democracy;
  3. Free Bandwidth Connects the Masses; 4. Web Science Reveals Human Interactions 11/2010
• HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
• Archie; Gopher; Wide Area Information Server (WAIS): internet search engines
• Electronic Frontier Foundation EFF; international non-profit digital rights group
• Microsoft Windows 3.0; How Microsoft Works; Myths
• Global System for Mobile communications GSM spec published; How Cell Phones Work; How Global Cell Phones Work
• Comparison of mobile phone standards e.g., CDMA; What are CDMA phones?
• Internet Toaster: internet 'appliances'; examples 2010, older; foreshadows "Internet of Things"
• 1991: Hosts: ~617,000
• first web site at CERN (Conseil Europ?en pour la Recherche Nucl?aire)
• Web page; How Web Pages Work; Quiz
• Web site; How do I create my own Web site?
• What's the difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web?
• Web server; How Web Servers Work; Quiz
• Intranet: uses IP technology within an organization; How Intranets Works
• CERN re-creating first web page to revere early ideals 4/30/2013
• 20 Years Ago Today: The First Website Is Published 8/6/2011
• "Web 1.0" emphasis: passive content; supplanted by Web 2.0 by ~2001; How Web 1.0 Works
• "Web 2.0" ~2001; dynamic/user-generated content; How Web 2.0 Works
• Web 3.0 proposed ~1999; discussed later
• HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP); How Internet Infrastructure Works: Ports and HTTP
• Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication; encryption; How Encryption Works
• High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991: the "Gore Bill"; the push from government was crucial in getting the Internet out of its academic ghetto. Among the bill's provisions was a piece of policy best known by its popular name: the "information superhighway." But rather than putting shovels in the ground to build it, government policymakers catalyzed private companies to do it for them, by funding the construction of "on-ramps."
• National Information Infrastructure
• Information Superhighway; Top Ten Anagrams for "Information Superhighway"
• Linux: operating system; What is Linux and why is it so popular?; Quiz
• MP3 MPEG-2 Audio Layer III; audio file format; How MP3 Files Work; Quiz
• QuickTime: multimedia framework Apple
• webcam; How Webcams Work
• Intimacy on the Web, With a Crowd porn via live webcam; 9/22/2013
• 1992: Hosts: ~1,136,000
• JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group; Why are there so many different image formats on the Web?
• MBONE: audio/video multicast backbone
• "Surfing the Internet"
• Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson: metaverse SF novel; concept of a future internet, made up of persistent, shared, 3D virtual spaces linked into a perceived virtual universe
• 1993: Hosts: ~2,056,000; connection to China
• Mosaic: 1st web browser, at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
• Web Browsers Are Reinvented File-sharing, Apps and Voice Commands Change How Internet Is Used; 5/13/2013
• Browser Wars Flare Again, on Little Screens 12/9/2012
• Internet Society (ISOC) [ISOC site]; Internet Architecture Board (IAB) [IAB site]
• JumpStation; Jonathon Fletcher: forgotten father of the search engine 9/3/2013
• "On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog." ~Peter Steiner, New Yorker
• Wired: magazine articles about how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy and politics
• Netiquette: set of social conventions that facilitate interaction over networks, ranging from Usenet and mailing lists to blogs and forums
• US White House official web site: www.whitehouse.gov
• Match.com: online dating service
• Newton MessagePad; platform Apple; internet (TCP/IP) software in ~1996
• The Unlikely Tale of How ARM Came to Rule the World CPU originally in Newton, then most smartphones, tablets; 2/24/2014
• "The Internet? We are not interested in it." ~Bill Gates myth?
• 1994: Hosts: ~3,864,000
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL): Hyperlink; network location (address) plus access method, e.g., http:; How Internet Infrastructure Works: URL
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) protocol for secure communication
• URL Redirection; HTTP 404 error
• URL shortening, e.g., Bit.ly, TinyURL
• Cookie small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a user's web browser; What is an Internet cookie?; How Internet Cookies Work; Quiz
• Netscape Navigator: web browser
• Amazon: online shopping; How Amazon Works
• To Catch Up, Walmart Moves to Amazon Turf 10/19/2013
• The Secrets of Bezos: How Amazon Became the Everything Store 10/10/2013
• Pizza Hut online ordering: E-commerce; How E-commerce Works; E-commerce History
• How Creating an Online Business Works; Top 5 Ways to Make Money on the Internet; How to Set Up a Business Web Site
• banner ads; How Banner Ads Work; How Web Advertising Works
• Web Gives Birth to Banner Ads 10/27/2010; ad blocker/filter; How Pop-up Blockers Work
• commercial spam email; How Spam Works; How E-mail Marketing Works
• WebCrawler: web spider, search engine; How Internet Search Engines Work
• Yahoo: portal; Top 5 Myths About Yahoo
• magazine: Yahoo Internet Life; Yahoo Used To Have An 'Internet Life' Magazine And It Was Amazing 5/20/2013
• GeoCities: free web hosting; 10 Tech Companies That Totally Imploded: 2: GeoCities
• online banking, e.g., Stanford Credit Union; How Online Banks Work; Quiz
• How Online Bill Paying Works; Is It Safe to Pay Bills Online?
• Bluetooth wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances
• How Bluetooth Works; Quiz; How to Connect to the Internet Using Bluetooth
• Video: Today Show commentators: what is the internet? [1:30]; The Times, they are a changin' (Couric 1/94 video)
• Everything You Needed to Know About the Internet in May 1994 book: snapshot of a revolution, just before it really took off; 9/29/2013
• "I see little commercial potential for the Internet for the next 10 years." ~Bill Gates myth?
• 1995: Hosts: ~6,642,000
• "disruptive innovation" an innovation that helps create a new market and value network, and eventually goes on to disrupt an existing market and value network (over a few years or decades), displacing an earlier technolog; term introduced as 'disruptive technology' by Clayton M. Christensen, article "Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave", later changed to "disruptive innovation" in The Innovator's Dilemma; The Innovator's Solution since the innovation is usually not a function of technology itself but rather of its changing application; see also: "enabling technology" which leads to radical change in the capabilities of a user or culture; see also: diffusion of innovations; hype cycle
• Internet Explorer 1: web browser; Microsoft
• Newt's Cape browser HTML (web pages) in a Newton E-book; SW
• NY Times 1996: distributes online crosswords (via Across Lite application & .puz format); Election Day puzzle: The clue to the middle answer across the grid was "Lead story in tomorrow's newspaper"; both CLINTON ELECTED and BOBDOLE ELECTED could be correct
• eBay.com: online auction; How eBay Works; How eFencing Works
• Craigslist.com: classified ads site; How Craigslist Works
• Snopes.com: urban legends & internet rumors; How Urban Legends Work; 10 Signs What You're Reading Online Is Bogus; How to Detect Online Scams
• Ancestry.com: genealogy; How Genealogy Websites Work
• Classmates.com: social networking service; How Classmates.com Works
• Altavista search engine; How Internet Search Engines Work; AltaVista. What's That? 7/1/2013
• Wiki: web authoring tool; Hawaiian wiki or wiki-wiki = quick; How Wikis Work; Wiki software comparison
• How the Wiki Was Born of Apple and the Mac HyperCard; 3/27/2011
• Apache: Web server; How Web Servers Work; Quiz
• Why do some Web sites include www in the URL while others don't?; Why do some Web pages end in htm, html, asp, etc.?
• server farm; mirror sites; load balancing; How do large Web sites handle the load of millions of visitors a day?
• "Programming today is a race between software engineers stirring to build bigger and better idiot-proof programs, and the universe trying to produce bigger and better idiots. So far, the universe is winning." ~Rich Cook
• Java; How Java Works; Quiz
• The Second Coming of Java: Clinton-Era Relic Returns to Rule Web language and virtual machine (VM); Java renaissance for web services; 9/25/2013
• JavaScript: client-side scripting; How HTML5 Works: JavaScript as a Central Component; How does JavaScript work and how can I build simple calculators with it?
• Php: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP): server-side scripting; also Ruby, Perl, Python
• MySQL: Structured Query Language (SQL); Relational Database Management System (RDMS) What are relational databases?
• Only 90s Web Developers Remember This HTML tricks; 2/26/2014
• RealAudio: audio streaming media; How Streaming Video and Audio Work; video; 3:00; Internet Pioneer RealNetworks Seeks Revival 9/24/2013
• films: The Net; Hackers
• 1996: Hosts: ~15,000,000
• Internet Archive aka WayBack Machine (WBM); link rot; Why are there so many broken links in search engines?
• How to revisit old website data Google's cache; Internet Archive; 2/17/2014
• A web page that lasts forever the plan to stop ?link rot? in law and science; 10/14/2013
• In Supreme Court Opinions, Web Links That Go Nowhere 9/23/2013
• Finding a Long-Lost Web Site 6/10/2013
• Nokia 9000 Communicator: smartphone
• How Portable Internet Devices Work; Quiz
• A Guide to Deciphering the Language of Smartphones 5/30/2012
• MapQuest: web mapping; How MapQuest Works
• "A map is not the territory it represents, but, if correct, it has a similar structure to the territory, which accounts for its usefulness." ~Alfred Korzybski
• "If you don't know where you are going, any road will get you there." ~Lewis Carroll
• "If you don't know where you are going, you might wind up someplace else." ~Yogi Berra
• WebTV: used TV for consumer web access; then, MSN TV; now, defunct
• Opera: web browser
• DOM Document Object Model: windows, events, document, forms, ...; HTML5 Foundation Technologies
• CSS Cascading Style Sheets: separates presentation format from content markup; How HTML5 Works: Creating the Look with CSS3
• HoTMaiL: web-based email; How Windows Live E-mail Works; now outlook.com
• Pointcast: push technology; vs. client-initiated pull technology
• dancing baby: internet meme, viral video
• "I predict the Internet will soon go spectacularly supernova and in 1996 catastrophically collapse." ~Robert Metcalfe, 3Com founder, Ethernet inventor, tech pundit and columnist, 1995; What would happen if the Internet collapsed?
• You Know You Are Addicted to the Internet When...
• What If Dr. Seuss Did Technical Writing? "If a packet hits a pocket on a socket on a port,..."
• The Pros and Cons of the Internet, As Taught to Students in 1996
• 1997: Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) for cable modem: broadband
• How Cable Modems Work; Top 5 Ways to Troubleshoot Your Broadband Internet Connection; SpeedTest
• Why different speeds with my cable modem?; Which is better to use for a cable modem -- USB connection or Ethernet card?
• Wireless System Could Offer a Private Fast Lane pCell for mobile data and video; eliminate congestion, dead zones, and unreliable connections? 2/19/2014
• Barons of Broadband Krugman: monopolies; innovation? 12/17/2014
• Google working on 10 gigabit Internet speeds Google Fiber 1Gb in Kansas City now, Austin soon; 2/12/2014
• Comcast and Time Warner Cable: Forget TV, it is all about broadband 2/12/2014
• New Cable Broadband Specs Say 10 Gbps Speeds Possible DOCSIS 3.1; 10/30/2013
• If Your Cable Company Were Honest, This Is What Its Commercial Would Look Like NSFW; 3/29/2013
• "digital divide" term used by Bill Clinton in 2000: "an economic inequality between groups, broadly construed, in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of information and communication technologies"; some factors:
  • geography: rural vs. urban; US vs. world
  • speed, cost of connection
  • wired vs. wireless
  • poverty, literacy, disability, gender, race, class
  • competition vs. monopolies
  • government policies
• "All of us live under the same sky, but we don't all have the same horizon." ~Konrad Adenauer
• "Globalization, as defined by rich people like us, is a very nice thing... you are talking about the Internet, you are talking about cell phones, you are talking about computers. This doesn't affect two-thirds of the people of the world." ~Jimmy Carter
• "Will the distance between 'have nets' and 'have nots' increase?" ~S. Weyer, 1988
• National Broadband Map; Oregon Broadband Mapping Project; Household Download Index US ranks #33 in download speed; 9/14/2013
• Comcast Indefinitely Extends Low-Cost Broadband for Poor Families condition for approval of its 2011 takeover of NBC Universal; maybe will ease approval of Time Warner; 3/4/2014
• Is Google Making the Digital Divide Worse? will Google Fiber create permanent underclass? 2/20/2014
• 'Outernet' Aims to Bring Unrestricted Internet Access to World with Mini-Satellites 2/18/2014
• ISP lobby has already won limits on public broadband in 20 states bills limiting municipal ISPs in Kansas and Utah; 2/12/2014
• Internet In America: An On Again, Off Again Relationship NPR; 1/12/2014
• U.S. Struggles to Keep Pace in Delivering Broadband Service e.g., Riga (Latvia) 2.5x faster, 4x cheaper than San Antonio (TX); 12/29/2013
• Who?s Not Online and Why Pew Research Center; 15% = 38 million; most over 50 (esp. 65); less educated; less affluent; 'broadband' includes satellite, DSL; not smartphones; 9/25/2013
• Facebook And Internet.org Detail '1000X' Technologies They Hope Will Bring Earth Online network, data compression, and app efficiency technologies would all need to come together to make the web cheap enough to connect the whole world; 9/16/2013
• America's Internet Inequality: A Map of Who's Got the Best (and Worst) Connections 9/5/2013
• Access to the Internet Is a Human Right 6/2013; Internet Access Is Not a Human Right technology enabler; 1/5/2012
• The Rich See a Different Internet Than the Poor 2/18/2013
• The U.S.'s infrastructure threatens the cloud Thanks to state-sponsored cable/phone duopolies, U.S. broadband stays slow and expensive; 9/19/2013
• Most of U.S. Is Wired, but Millions Aren't Plugged In almost 98% of American homes, but tens of millions without; 8/18/2013
• Waste Is Seen in Program to Give Internet Access to Rural U.S. 2/12/2013
• Paywall Wall Street Journal first; 'hard' paid subscription; 'soft': metered access; How Paywalls Work
• AOL Instant Mesenger AIM; communicate in real time; How AOL Instant Messenger Works; How Instant Messaging Works; video: 1:56
• blogs (nee weblogs)
• spam blog a blog which the author uses to promote affiliated websites, to increase the search engine rankings of associated sites or to simply sell links/ads
• "The Internet is a shallow and unreliable electronic repository of dirty pictures, inaccurate rumours, bad spelling and worse grammar, inhabited largely by people with no demonstrable social skills." ~Chronicle of Higher Education
• 1998: Google; How Google Works; Myths; Quiz
• What if there were no Google?; Top 5 Google Killers -- That Didn't Wikia Search, Cuil, Wolfram|Alpha, Bing, Twitter Search
• Why is the Google algorithm so important?; The Best Ways to Tweak Your Search When Google Doesn't Give You What You Want
• "Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it." ~Samuel Johnson, 1775
• "Getting information off the Internet is like taking a drink from a fire hydrant." ~Mitchell Kapor
• "[T]he index of a search engine can be thought of as analogous to the stars in [the] sky. What we see has never existed, as the light has traveled different distances to reach our eye. Similarly, Web pages referenced in an index were also explored at different dates and they may not exist any more." ~Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Berthier Ribeiro-Neto, 1999
• "Doing research on the Web is like using a library assembled piecemeal by pack rats and vandalized nightly." ~Roger Ebert
• "The Internet is the world's largest library. It's just that all the books are on the floor." ~John Allen Paulos
• "Most of us employ the Internet not to seek the best information, but rather to select information that confirms our prejudices." ~Nicholas D. Kristof, 2009
• "Computers are useless. They can only give you answers." ~Pablo Picasso
• "We have compiled a list of nine proofs which definitively prove Google is the closest thing to a "god" human beings have ever directly experienced." ~The Church of Google: Omniscient; Omnipresent; Answers Prayers; Immortal; Infinite; Remembers All; Omnibenevolent; Prevalence; Evidence
• egosurfing (also Googling yourself, vanity searching, egosearching, egogoogling, autogoogling, self-googling) is the practice of searching for one's own name, pseudonym, or screen name on a popular search engine in order to review the results
• search engine optimization (SEO); How Search Engine Optimization Works
• 'Google bomb': creating large numbers of links, that cause a web page to have a high ranking for searches on unrelated or off topic keyword phrases, often for comical or satirical purposes; e.g., "more evil than Satan himself" (Microsoft), "miserable failure" (G. W. Bush); spamdexing
• Dealing With an Identity Hijacked on the Online Highway Santorum; 9/26/2011
• (ad) click fraud; What is this click fraud that is costing Google billions?
• The Golden Era Of Spam Comments Has Ended Google & SEO; 12/13/2013
• Google in Jeopardy: What If IBM?s Watson Dethroned the King of Search? 10/5/2013
• Google Alters Search to Handle More Complex Queries understand the meanings of and relationships among things vs. just keywords; 9/26/2013
• How Search Is Evolving -- Finally! -- Beyond Caveman Queries "conversational search"; 3/14/2013
• The End of the Web, Search, and Computer as We Know It time-based worldstream; 2/1/2013
• Why Does Google Still Reward Content Scraping? How a copied-and-pasted excerpt of a story can still outrank an 8,000-word original. And why publishers aren't the ones to blame; 1/24/2013
• A Free Database of the Entire Web May Spawn the Next Google Common Crawl supplies a database of over five billion Web page; 1/23/2013
• If Xerox PARC Invented the PC, Google Invented the Internet 8/8/2012
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) 2¹²⁸ (~3.4?10³⁸) addresses; spec. published; this amounts to approximately 5?10²⁸ addresses for each of the 6.8 billion people alive in 2010. While these numbers are impressive, it was not the intent of the designers of the IPv6 address space to assure geographical saturation with usable addresses. Rather, the longer addresses simplify allocation of addresses, enable efficient route aggregation, and implementation of special addressing features.; What is an IP address?; How Network Address Translation Works (NAT); IPv4 Vs IPv6 video Tutorial
• Issues:
  • more users worldwide and more computers & (mobile) devices/users; Internet of Things
  • always-on connections
  • inefficiency of allocating blocks
  • IPv4 addresses definitely running out, alleviated temporarily via address sharing, i.e., NAT
  • IPv6 transition in 2010s complicated by number and compatibility of nodes compared to 1981 when IPv4 adopted
• Whatever happened to the IPv4 address crisis? 2/17/2014
• World IPv6 Launch; 3 things to know about IPv6 as World IPv6 Day approaches; 6/3/2012
• eXtensible Markup Language (XML); How Semantic Web Works: Marking Up: XML and RDF
• Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX): web application: web browser is the client; How Web Operating Systems Work
• mashup uses content from more than one source to create a single new service displayed in a single graphical interface, e.g., map; Top 5 Web Mashups
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN); ICANN site; Who owns the Internet?; How Domain Name Servers Work
• Meet the seven people who hold the keys to worldwide internet security 2/28/2014
• Yahoo! Groups: hybrid between an electronic mailing list and a threaded Internet forum
• Eudora: email client named after American author Eudora Welty, because of her short story Why I Live at the P.O.
• drkoop.com: online health info
• day trading; How Day Trading Works
• Day traders, angels and venture capital: The internet changes everything, including money 9/24/2013
• film: You've Got Mail
• 1999: Web 3.0: personalization and Semantic Web, Tim Berners-Lee: "I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web ? the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A ?Semantic Web?, which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The ?intelligent agents? people have touted for ages will finally materialize."
• Giant Global Graph (GGG);
  
• How Web 3.0 Will Work; Quiz; video: 5:48; How Semantic Web Works
• Wi-Fi: Wireless Internet; 802.11; How WiFi Works; Quiz
• How Wireless Internet Cards Work; 5 Tips to Improve Your Wireless Connection
• How to Detect if Someone's Stealing Your WiFi; How WiFi Cameras Work
• How Municipal WiFi Works; How WiMAX Works; How WiGig Works
• Home Wireless Network Detects Elderly Tumbles signals create a 3-D room map and can monitor any unusual movement, such as a fall or unusual period of quiescence; 9/13/2013
• What If You Could See WiFi? 7/19/2013
• In-Flight Wi-Fi Still Costly, but More Available 6/24/2013
• F.C.C. Moves to Ease Wireless Congestion 2/20/2013
• Q&A: The Alphabet of 802.11 5/28/2012
• IPads Change Economics, and Speed, of Hotel Wi-Fi 10/25/2011
• Cutting the cord: how the world's engineers built Wi-Fi 10/9/2011
• How to Boost Your WiFi Signal: Part 1, Part 2 3/21/2013
• Top 10 Ways to Get Free Wi-Fi Anywhere You Go 6/16/2012
• How to Stay Safe on Public Wi-Fi Networks 7/1/2010
• Napster: Peer-to-peer file sharing; How the Old Napster Worked
• WAP Wireless Application Protocol; for early phones; since so slow:"Worthless Application Protocol" or "Wait And Pay"?
• How WAP Works; Wireless Markup Language (WML) a terser form of HTML/XML
• Akamai: Content Delivery/Distribution Network (CDN)
• Inside Akamai and the scary future of streaming video 8/19/2011
• MSN Search Microsoft; search engine; renamed Windows Live Search, Live Search, finally Bing; How Microsoft Bing Works
• SETI@Home: Search for ExtraTerrestial Intelligence; grid computing, crowdsourcing; How does SETI home work?
• "There's a statistical theory that if you gave a million monkeys typewriters and set them to work, they'd eventually come up with the complete works of Shakespeare. Thanks to the Internet, we now know this isn't true." ~Robert Wilensky
• Urban Dictionary collaborative dictionary with > 7 million entries
• Will Digital Networks Ruin Us? users not properly valued for contributions; 1/6/2014
• A Lexicon of Instant Argot Urban Dictionary; 1/3/2014
• Blogger (service) Google acquired in 2003; renamed blogspot.com; How Blogger Works
• Really Simple Syndication (RSS): news feed, syndication, aggregator; How RSS Works; video: 1:25
• film: The Matrix
• Internet Spring Cleaning. DO NOT CONNECT TO THE INTERNET FROM MARCH 31st 23:59 pm (GMT) UNTIL 12:01am (GMT) APRIL 1st.
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 10: 1990s Sony Playstation; GPS-Guided Munitions; Linux; MP3 Player; RQ-1 Predator Drone; Oklahoma City Bombing; Photoshop; The Internet (web); Dark Energy; Women's Soccer; Web Design; venture capitalist (John Doerr); 1/25/2013
• Computing Timelines: 1990s
• Computer History Museum: 1990s
• How 20 popular websites looked when they launched 9/2/2009
• Paleofuture: 1990s
• {404} Page Found excavating the best active websites from the early graphical Internet
• 17 Ancient Abandoned Websites That Still Work 11/22/2013

• 2000: Year 2000 problem (Y2K); How the Year 2000 Problem Worked; Top 10 Doomsday Prophecies: 2: Y2K
• "Will the highways on the Internet become more few?" ~George W. Bush
• "Why the future doesn't need us" by Bill Joy: "Our most powerful 21st-century technologies -- robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech -- are threatening to make humans an endangered species."; Wired magazine full article; April 2000
• "The most exciting breakthroughs of the 21st century will not occur because of technology but because of an expanding concept of what it means to be human." ~John Naisbitt
• dot-com bubble speculative period covering roughly 1997?2000; 10 Biggest IPO Flops in History; 10 Tech Companies That Totally Imploded
• PayPal: Online money transfers; How PayPal Works
• CAPTCHA Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart; How CAPTCHA Works; CAPTCHArt; spambot
• Time to Kill Off Captchas; Use It Better: 8 Alternatives to the Hated Captcha 2/28/2012
• Deciphering Old Texts, One Woozy, Curvy Word at a Time 2/29/2011
• 2001: Wikipedia: free Internet encylopedia, Wiki; How Wikis Work
• Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen late to support editing from phone/tablets; 2/9/2014
• Wikipedia China Becomes Front Line for Views on Language and Culture editors from China, Taiwan and Hong Kong in a region charged with political, ideological and cultural differences; 10/27/2013
• The Decline of Wikipedia the sixth most widely used website in the world is not run anything like the others in the top 10. It is not operated by a sophisticated corporation but by a leaderless collection of volunteers who generally work under pseudonyms and habitually bicker with each other; 10/22/2013
• Mac OS X Apple; 10.0: Cheetah; 10.1: Puma; 10.2: Jaguar; 10,3: Panther; 10.4: Tiger; 10.5: Leopard; 10.6: Snow Leopard; 10.7: Lion; 10.8: Mtn. Lion; 10.9: Mavericks; 10.10: Yosemite
• Apple Quiz; How Mac OS X Works; How Operating Systems Work; Mac OS X Turns Ten Years Old 3/24/2011
• "Web 2.0" emphasis on interaction, collaboration; to be supplanted by Web 3.0 -- with focus on meaning, e.g., Semantic Web, -- in future?
• Drupal this site; whitehouse.gov: Content Management System (CMS), Content Management; List of CMS; How Information Architecture Works
• Vonage: Voice Over IP; How VoIP Works
• Swindlers Use Telephones, With Internet's Tactics 1/20/2014
• AT&T's 'IP Transition' Will Make U.S. Broadband Even Less Competitive 3/3/2014
• F.C.C. Chairman Calls for Transforming the Technology Used by Phone Systems move landline infrastructure from analog Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) to digital VOIP; 11/19/2013
• BitTorrent: peer-to-peer file sharing; How BitTorrent Works
• The Pirate Bay 2003: founded in Sweden; facilitates peer-to-peer file sharing using the BitTorrent protocol
• Attacking Tor: how NSA targets users' online anonymity Secret servers and privileged position on the internet's backbone used to identify users and attack computers; 10/4/2013
• What Does My Internet Provider See When I'm Downloading Torrents? 12/21/2011
• 2002: Friendster: social networking service 2011: reinvented as social gaming site
• Friendster to Erase Early Posts and Old Photos 4/27/2011
• 2003: LinkedIn; MySpace: social networking service; What is a social networking site?
• How LinkedIn Works; How MySpace Works; MySpace Quiz
• What are the pros and cons of social networking sites?; Do social networking sites improve your ability to network in real life?
• cyberbullying; Is cyberbullying getting out of control?; Are social networking sites addictive?; Are there cliques on social networking Web sites?
• Internet Privacy 101 - Your Safety Guide to Social Networking; Why do people share embarrassing information online?
• How Chat Rooms Work; How to Start a Social Networking Site; Top 10 Social Networking Sites for Parents
• Are you too old for social networking?; What happens to all my social networking information when I die?
• How to Use Social Networking for Your Business; How do social networking sites make money?; Are social networks good for job productivity?
• Secret revealed: inside the most scandalous social network will anonymity make Secret essential reading ? or become its undoing? 2/17/2014
• The History of Social Media infographic; 1/24/2011
• The Rise and Inglorious Fall of Myspace 6/22/2011
• WordPress: blog software; How to Become a Blogger
• Second Life: online virtual world; How Second Life Works
• iTunes, iPod Apple; How iTunes Works; How iPods Work
• Skype: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP); How to Use Skype; Skype vs. Vonage; Will the landline phone become obsolete?
• Safari: web browser
• CAN-SPAM Act; How E-mail Marketing Works: Permission, E-mail Marketing Scams and the CAN-SPAM Law
• Number Resource Organization (NRO) Regional Internet Registry (RIR); NRO site
• Anonymous loosely associated international network of activists and hacktivists; well-known for distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks on government, religious, and corporate websites
• Hacktivism; Denial of Service Attack make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users; How Anonymous Works
• Cross Site Scripting computer security vulnerability that enables attackers to inject client-side script into Web pages
• Digital Attack Map DDoS Attacks Happening Across the World Right Now
• What Is a DDoS Attack? 4/3/2013
• How Anonymous Picks Targets, Launches Attacks, and Takes Powerful Organizations Down 7/3/2012
• 2004: Facebook; How Facebook Works; Myths; Quiz; How to Use Facebook
• How to Avoid Facebook Scams; Can Facebook make me rich?
• The Social Network 2010 film
• Still on Facebook, but Finding Less to Like fewer teenagers; 11/16/2013
• Gmail: email service; How Gmail Works
• Firefox: web browser; How Firefox Works; How do I update my Internet browser?
• Flickr, Picasa: photo sharing; How Photo Sharing Works
• MyDoom email worm; Worst Computer Viruses (#4); How Zombie Computers Work: Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
• Podcasts; How Podcasting Works; How to Create Your Own Podcast; video: 1:20
• World of Warcraft (WoW): massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG); How World of Warcraft Works; Quiz
• 2005: YouTube: video hosting service; How YouTube Works
• How to Download YouTube Videos; How to Add a Video to YouTube
• Google Earth, Google Maps: web mapping; location-based service; location awareness
• Mashup web application hybrid; uses content from more than one source to create a single new service displayed in a single graphical interface
• geo-fence a virtual perimeter for a real-world geographic areas
• How Google Earth Works; Did Google Maps cause an international border dispute?
• The rise of OpenStreetMap: A quest to conquer Google?s mapping empire 2/28/2014
• Google's Road Map to Global Domination profile of Google Maps, an integral part of the company's future location-aware products; 12/11/2013
• NJ gamblers along borders may be locked out of Internet gaming -- unless they move geo-fencing; 11/17/2013
• 5 Maps That Could Help Solve Some of the World?s Most Daunting Problems crowd sourced maps; 11/14/2013
• Hadoop: big data; data mining; How Data Integration Works: Data Warehouses
• The World of Big Data: Part 1, Part 2 10/31/2013
• How Quantum Computers and Machine Learning Will Revolutionize Big Data distributed parallelism; 10/14/2013
• Improving the Big Data Toolkit 9/17/2013
• FiOS Verizon; internet, telephone, TV over Fiber-Optic network; How FiOS Works
• Pandora Radio; How Pandora Radio Works
• net neutrality
• Net neutrality, Net neutrality in US principle that ISPs and governments should treat all data on the Internet equally, not discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, and modes of communication
• Bandwidth cap limits the transfer of a specified amount of data over a period of time. Internet service providers commonly apply a cap when a channel intended to be shared by many users becomes overloaded, or may be overloaded, by a few users. Implementation of a bandwidth cap is sometimes termed a Fair Access Policy, Fair Usage Policy or Usage-based billing; contrast with "bandwidth gap" (aka digital divide)
• issues recognized earlier; regulation by FCC, legislation formalized to address; Net Neutrality Primer
• for example: your ISP blocking/slowing competitor's video streaming or VOIP(phone) service
• Proponents: consumer advocates, human rights organizations, online companies and some technology companies
  Arguments for: Control of data; Digital rights and freedoms; Competition and innovation; Preserving Internet standards; Preventing pseudo-services; End-to-end principle
• Opponents: hardware companies and members of the cable and telecommunications industries; anti-regulatory organizations
  Arguments against: Privacy concerns; Innovation and investment; User welfare; Counterweight to server-side non-neutrality; Bandwidth availability; Opposition to legislation
• The Internet is F### (but we can fix it) the internet is a utility; 2/25/2014
• Inside The Netflix/Comcast Deal and What The Media Is Getting Very Wrong not really about net neutrality; 2/23/2014
• FCC Plans to Issue New ?Net Neutrality? Rules 2/19/2014
• Netflix performance on Verizon and Comcast has been dropping for months 2/10/2014
• Paying to Travel in the Internet?s Fast Lanes 2/2/2014
• How the FCC Lost Net Neutrality and Could Kill the Internet FCC imposed so-called 'common carrier' regulations on broadband providers without officially classifying them as utilities; 1/15/2014
• What's Net Neutrality? What Happened to Net Neutrality Yesterday? What Happens Next? A Q&A for the Rest of Us. 1/15/2014
• The Nuts and Bolts of Network Neutrality NYT; Q&A; 1/14/2014
• AT&T's Sponsored Data is bad for the internet, the economy, and you 1/6/2014
• Whither Net Neutrality? new FCC chairman appears to waffle on a key component of an open Internet: high-priced express lanes on the information superhighway might be OK; 12/23/2013
• Verizon's diabolical plan to turn the Web into pay-per-view They want to charge websites for carrying their packets, but if they win it'd be the end of the Internet as we know it; 9/12/2013
• 5 ways to stay below your data cap on Android and iOS 9/5/2013
• Online throttling and site-blocking to be outlawed in Europe under net neutrality plan 6/4/2013
• Senator introduces bill to regulate data caps Wyden; metering allowed only for congestion control; discriminatory data caps banned; 12/20/2012
• FCC Final Rule: Preserving the Open Internet 9/23/2011
  • "transparency: fixed and mobile broadband providers must disclose the network management practices, performance characteristics, and commercial terms of their broadband services.
  • no blocking: fixed broadband providers may not block lawful content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices; mobile broadband providers may not block lawful websites, or block applications that compete with their voice or video telephony services.
  • no unreasonable discrimination: fixed broadband providers may not unreasonably discriminate in transmitting lawful network traffic."
• 2006: Twitter: social networking and microblogging service that enables users to send and read "tweets", which are text messages limited to 140 characters
• How Twitter Works; Myths; Quiz; Tweetups
• "Wikileaks' silencing was sought by antidemocratic governments worldwide -- including China, whose censors work mightily to block all access to the site. Wikileaks' plug was pulled, ironically, not in China, but by a federal judge in San Francisco." ~Peter Scheer
• WikiLeaks publishes secret information, news leaks, and classified media from anonymous sources
• examples: 2010: Chelsea (nee Bradley) Manning; 2013: Edward Snowden; whistleblowers or traitors?
• The Fifth Estate 2013 film
• Is This the WikiEnd? Assange; financing; 11/6/2011
• Lawmaker reintroduces WikiLeaks prosecution bill Securing Human Intelligence and Enforcing Lawful Dissemination (SHIELD); 2/16/2011
• Hillary Clinton's speech: Shades of hypocrisy on internet freedom Other governments' censorship vs. US censorship of Wikileaks; 2/15/2011
• Secrets and Transparency What is Wikileaks, and what is its future? 1/26/2011
• Facing Threat From WikiLeaks, Bank (BofA) Plays Defense 1/3/2011
• Pentagon to Troops: Taliban Can Read WikiLeaks, You Can?t 8/6/2010
• 2007: iPhone: smart phones; iPod Touch with internet access; How the iPhone Works; Quiz; How the iPod touch Works
• T-Mobile Turns an Industry on Its Ear pricing, data plans; 2/26/2014
• Everything from 1991 Radio Shack ad I now do with my iPhone replaces 13 items; 1/14/2014
• And Then Steve Said, 'Let There Be an iPhone' 10/4/2013
• iPhone Patent Wars: Xerox PARC & the Apple, Inc. Macintosh innovator, duplicator & litigator; 8/9/2013
• "There?s no chance that the iPhone is going to get any significant market share. No chance...It doesn?t appeal to business customers, because it doesn?t have a keyboard" ~Steve Ballmer, CEO, Microsoft
• Android mobile operating system
• F-Secure: Android accounted for 97% of all mobile malware in 2013 3/4/2014
• Google Docs: cloud computing: distributed computing; office suites; How Cloud Computing Works; How Google Docs Works
• Cutting Through the Cloud 9/22/2013
• Kindle: e-book reader; How the Amazon Kindle Works; OLLI Course: E-Books: Kindle
• Hulu: streaming media; How Hulu Works
• QR (Quick Response) code: mobile tagging, location-based/-aware; How 2-D Bar Codes Work
• 2008: Internet 2008 in numbers 1/22/2009; Internet Usage Growth Rate by Region
• "Three things are certain:
  Death, taxes, and lost data.
  Guess which has occurred."
• Dropbox: cloud storage, backup; file hosting; How Cloud Storage Works; How the Dropbox Mobile App Works
• Why Do So Many People Fail to Back Up? 6/14/2013
• A User's Guide to Finding Storage Space in the Cloud Google Drive; Microsoft Skydrive; Dropbox; SugarSync; 5/17/2012
• Netflix (streaming): streaming media; binge watching/viewing
• How Netflix Works; How Internet TV Works
• Netflix Is Building an Artificial Brain Using Amazon?s Cloud recommendation engine; 2/13/2014
• Blockbuster, Outdone by Netflix, Will Shut Its Stores and DVD Mail Service 11/6/2013
• The cords are losing: Netflix overtaking HBO in paid U.S. subscribers 10/21/2013
• In Digital Era, What Does 'Watching TV' Even Mean? study Suggests More Time Spent on Smartphones, Computers, Tablets Than Television; 10/8/2013
• HTML5: markup language for web pages; How HTML5 Works
• Web apps: the future of the internet, or an impossible dream? 8/16/2013
• Will HTML5 kill the mobile app? 7/20/2011
• Google Chrome: web browser; How the Google Chrome Browser Works
• 2009: Internet 2009 in numbers 1/22/2010
• Kickstarter: threshold pledge system, crowd funding; How Kickstarter Works
• Understanding crowdfunding's caveats: part 1, part 2 3/2/2014
• Bitcoin: digital currency, micropayment; -- or, commodity; collectible; Ponzi scheme; political ideology? unknown individual, or group, known as 'Satoshi Nakamoto', bitcoins exist only in digital form and can be bought with traditional money through the Internet. New bitcoins are ?mined? by programmers solving complex math problems
• The Face Behind Bitcoin Satoshi Nakamoto, reclusive inventor of the troubled virtual currency, hiding in plain sight? 3/6/2014
• For Bitcoin, Secure Future Might Need Oversight 3/5/2014
• Tokyo Bitcoin Exchange Files for Bankruptcy Mt. Gox; $500M+ stolen; bitcoin value now below $500, from Nov. $1200 high; 2/28/2014
• Regulators and Hackers Put Bitcoin to the Test 2/17/2014
• The Bitcoin-Mining Arms Race Heats Up 1/9/2014
• Bitcoin Is Evil Krugman; stable store of value vs. medium of exchange; 12/28/2013
• A Quick and Complete History of Bitcoin So You're Not Totally Lost infographic; 12/15/2013
• Bitcoin under pressure The Economist; 11/30/2013
• Bitcoin Survival Guide: Everything You Need to Know About the Future of Money Wired; 11/25/2013
• In Bitcoin's Orbit: Rival Virtual Currencies Vie for Acceptance 11/24/2013
• A Bitcoin Puzzle: Heads, It's Excitement. Tails, It's Anxiety. NYT; governments and investors are struggling to get a grip on the future of the virtual currency - not to mention its present; 11/23/2013
• A Digital Underworld Cloaked in Anonymity Silk Road; 11/17/2013
• 2009: Man Buys 5000 Bitcoins For $27, Forgets About Them. 2013: Man Rediscovers His Bitcoins, Now Worth $886,000 10/29/2013
• Square Cash lets anyone with a debit card send money instantly over email 10/15/2013
• How Bitcoin Works; Should Bitcoin Be Illegal? 10/2/2013
• I have my doubts about Bitcoin 9/30/2013
• Bitcoin's role in the future of micropayments 9/30/2013
• Fund to Let Investors Bet on Price of Bitcoins Second Market; 9/25/2013
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 11: 2000s iPhone; Human Genome; Instagram; Rise of the Drones; Hadoop (search server software); Connected Cars; Sep. 11th; Nintendo Wii; Apple (design); Doping (sports); Facebook; Social Media; 2/1/2013
• Computing Timelines: 2000s
• InfoWorld Technology of the Year: 2004-2010

• 2010: Internet 2010 in numbers websites, emails, users, ...; 1/12/2011
• OLLI: Evolution of the Internet earlier version of this course first offered
• iPad: tablet computing; How Tablets Work; How to Browse the Web on Your iPad
• How Steve Jobs Made the iPad Succeed When All Other Tablets Failed 11/2/2013
• Year of the Tablet 12/23/2009
• "You can go through the products [tablets] from all those guys ... and none of them has a product that you can really use. Not Apple. Not Google. Not Amazon. Nobody has a product that lets you work and play that can be your tablet and your PC. Not at any price point." ~Steve Ballmer, CEO, Microsoft
• National Broadplan Plan USS FCC; related to 'digital divide': 1995
• F.C.C. Says It Will Double Spending on High-Speed Internet in Schools and Libraries 2/1/2014
• Why is broadband more expensive in the US? 3x compared to UK and France; 5x compared to South Korea; no/little choice of proviers; 10/27/2013
• How Google Will Use High-Flying Balloons to Deliver Internet to the Hinterlands 6/14/2013
• F.C.C. Push to Expand Net Access Gains Help all large cable companies; $9.99/mo.; low income intro; 11/9/2011
• Internet Phone Calls Caught in Crossfire As FCC Adopts Rural Broadband Subsidies VOIP; 10/27/2011
• What Has The FCC Done To Actually Encourage Competition? 10/13/2011
• NBP: 1. Some Assembly Still Required; 2. In Defense of ...; 3. Are We in for All, Or Just Enough; 4. Power of Data Driven Thinking speed not the only issue; 12/13/2010
• cyberwar
• US Cyber Command: cyberwar Kosovo 1998; Is cyberwar coming?
• CISPA: Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act proposed: 2011; How CISPA Works
• What does the U.S. cybersecurity czar do?; Could a single hacker crash a country's network?; Could hackers devastate the U.S. economy?
• Cyberattacks Rise as Ukraine Crisis Spills to Internet large denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks against both pro-Western and pro-Russian Ukrainian news sites; 3/4/2014
• Our Government Has Weaponized the Internet. Here?s How They Did It the internet backbone ? the infrastructure of networks upon which internet traffic travels ? went from being a passive infrastructure for communication to an active weapon for attacks; 11/13/2013
• Tone Deaf Dianne Feinstein Thinks Now Is A Good Time To Revive CISPA 9/25/2013
• Silent War vs. Iran; Flame; Stuxnet; 7/2013
• Financial Times hacked by Syrian Electronic Army 5/17/2013
• Danger Lurks in Growing New Internet Nationalism major nations of the world are in the early years of a cyberwar arms race; 3/11/2013
• What Is an Act of Cyberwar? 2/28/2013
• Cyberwar Against Wikileaks? Good Luck With That 8/13/2010
• Bill Introduced To Pressure Countries That Seek To Break The Internet 7/2/2010
• kill switch could be used externally for cyberwar, or internally for censorship
• "Right now, China can disconnect parts of its Internet in times of war. We need to be able to do that too." ~Sen. Joseph Lieberman
• Kill Switch: cybercrime and countermeasures concept of activating a single shut off mechanism for all Internet traffic. The theory behind a kill switch is creation of a single point of control for one authority or another to control in order to "shut down the internet to protect it" from unspecified assailants (other countries, dissident groups, ...). The prospect of cyberwarfare over the 2000s has prompted the drafting of legislation by US officials, but worldwide the implications of actually of "killing" the Internet has prompted criticism of the idea in the United States. During the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya access to the Internet was denied in an effort to limit peer networking to facilitate organization."
  
• Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset (proposed); summary: Presidential powers to shut down parts of internet indefinitely (only 4 months?) with no congressional oversight
• rationales: cyber 9/11 (fear); prevent power/utility grid takeover by hackers; Chinese doing it (but so far only for censorship reasons; good role model?)
• problems: no traditional electronic borders; multiple international pathways; spoofing; predicting effects? domestic-only use? would government let MPAA/RIAA abuse for 'pirates'?; if implemented, security more vulnerable? (hackers would find a way to use)
• Court: Homeland Security Must Disclose ?Internet Kill Switch? DHS protocol governs shutting down wireless networks to prevent bomb detonation; 11/13/2013
• The 61 Countries a Mad Despot Could Instantly Unplug From the Internet 12/3/2012
• Why what happened to the Internet in Syria couldn't happen here the diversity of networks and providers in the U.S. would make a shut down unlikely, if not impossible; 11/30/2012
• The 50 Biggest Websites of 2010 as predicted in 2000; 10/15/2013
• 5 Websites That Used to Rule the Internet: GeoCities; MySpace; Hotmail; Slashdot; Altavista; 11/24/2010
• The (4) Men Who Stole the World Fanning (Napster); Johansen (DVD decryption) Frankel (WinAmp & Gnutella); Cohen (BitTorrent); 11/24/2010
• For the Class of 2014, No E-Mail or Wristwatches 8/17/2010; most recent Beloit mindset list
• 2011: Internet 2011 in numbers 1/17/2012; how many pages? 9/12/2011
• "Internet of Things": everything -- not just everyone -- is connected
• Internet of Things; Sensor node; How Motes Work; Near Field Communication; What's an NFC tag?
• More 1876 than 1995 how the Internet of Things is more on par with the Industrial Revolution than the digital revolution; 2/20/2014
• Fridge sends spam emails as attack hits smart gadgets 1/17/2014
• The Internet of Things Is Wildly Insecure -- And Often Unpatchable 1/6/2014
• Is 2014 the Year of the Connected Home? 1/3/2014
• IFTTT Automates the Internet Now, but What Comes Next? If This (happens) Then (do) That; 12/20/2013
• Welcome to the Internet of Thingies: 61.5% of Web Traffic Is Not Human bots: search engines, scrapers, hackers, impersonators; 12/12/2013
• G.E's 'Industrial Internet' Goes Big industrial equipment, Internet-linked sensors and software to monitor performance and analyze big streams of data; 10/9/2013
• The Internet Gets Physical Internet of Things; Industrial Internet; sensors; energy conservation, transportation, health care and food distribution; 12/18/2011
• How the "Internet of Things" Is Turning Cities Into Living Organisms 12/6/2011
• 'Twine' Foreshadows A Future Where All Objects Talk To The Internet 11/25/2011
• The Internet of Things and energy 10/10/2011
• The Internet of Things Infographic; 7/17/1011
• censorship: corporations, governments restricting access to consumers, citizens, non-profits, ...
• "It is a truism that almost any sect, cult, or religion will legislate its creeds into law if it acquires the political power to do so, and will follow it by suppressing opposition, subverting all education to seize early the minds of the young, and by killing, locking up, or driving underground all heretics." ~Robert A. Heinlein, Postscript to Revolt in 2100
• "Censorship reflects a society's lack of confidence in itself. It is a hallmark of an authoritarian regime." ~Potter Stewart
• "As to the evil which results from a censorship, it is impossible to measure it, for it is impossible to tell where it ends." ~Jeremy Bentham
• Internet censorship: "control or suppression of the publishing of or access to information on the Internet. It may be carried out by governments or by private organizations either at the behest of government or on their own initiative. Individuals and organizations may engage in self-censorship on their own or due to intimidation and fear."; How Internet Censorship Works
• internet filter; hate sites; cyberbullying
• Child Online Protection Act; Communications Decency Act
• Biggest rises and falls in the 2014 World Press Freedom Index US declines to 46th; 2/18/2014
• Google's Schmidt Sees Encryption Killing Censorship ...by government; 11/20/2013
• The Battle for Power on the Internet Distributed citizen groups and nimble hackers once had the edge. Now governments and corporations are catching up. Who will dominate in the decades ahead? 10/24/2013
• Google Unveils Tools to Access Web From Repressive Countries uProxy; Project Shield; track Internet attacks and aid free expression; 10/21/2013
• A Map of Internet Freedom Around the World 10/5/2013
• Can Free Speech and Internet Filters Co-Exist? 8/19/2013
• A Map of the Countries That Censor the Internet 8/13/2013
• Freedom and Anonymity: Keeping the Internet OpenFear of cyberattacks should not lead us to destroy what makes the Internet special; 2/24/2011
• UN mulls internet regulation options WikiLeaks sparks push for tighter controls; 12/17/2010
• Sarkozy: We Must Regulate The Internet To Ensure Freedom 10/11/2010
• International Internet Treaty proposed by Europe to protect the net from political interference which threatens to break it up; 9/20/2010
• Fidel Castro: Loves The Internet... Even As Cubans Are Blocked From Using Most Of It 9/8/2010
• Google bows to China's censorship demands 7/21/2010
• copyright: corporations, governments restricting access to consumers, citizens, non-profits, ? (same as censorship, some say)
• "Your fair use of this book is restricted. You may only read this book once." ~Anonymous
• "Only one thing is impossible for God: to find any sense in any copyright law on the planet . . . Whenever a copyright law is to be made or altered, then the idiots assemble." ~Mark Twain
• Copyright; Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
• Digital Rights Management; How Digital Rights Management Works
• SOPA Stop Online Piracy Act; proposed legislation; How SOPA Works
• PIPA PROTECT IP Act: Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act; proposed legislation;
  successor to COICA: Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act; How Protect IP Works
• ACTA Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: multinational treaty
• TPP Leak Confirms the Worst: US Negotiators Still Trying to Trade Away Internet Freedoms Trans-Pacific Partnership; years of secret trade negotiations over the future of intellectual property rights (and limits on those rights); 11/13/2013
• Kevin Spacey: Give Users Control, What They Want, When They Want It, At A Fair Price, And Stop Worrying About Piracy 8/26/2013
• The Copyright Alert System: How the New "Six Strikes" Anti-Piracy Program Works 2/26/2013
• Senator Wyden lays out "digital freedom" agenda with the defeat of SOPA/PIPA, Wyden went from being a kind of "digital Don Quixote" to
  "Senator from the Internet" -- someone whose views on Internet and tech policy have a major public following; 1/9/2013
• So Many Similarities Between Copyright Law And Prohibition 8/17/2012
• How The RIAA & MPAA Are Like The Anti-Innovation German Weavers' Guild Of The 16th Century 3/28/2012
• Watson wins on Jeopardy; Artificial Intelligence: technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software; since 1950s
• "I, for one, welcome our new computer overlords." ~Ken Jennings quoting from The Simpsons
• Could computers and robots become conscious?; Will computers overtake humans in intellectual ability?
• Our Supercomputer Overlord Is Now Running A Food Truck Watson; e.g., Swiss-Thai asparagus quiche and Austrian chocolate burrito; 3/4/2014
• Why Her Will Dominate UI Design Even More Than Minority Report 1/13/2014
• Thinking for the Future co-existing w/ intelligent machines; 12/9/2013
• A Neuroscientist?s Radical Theory of How Networks Become Conscious consciousness arises within any sufficiently complex, information-processing system: all animals, ..., eventually Internet; 11/14/2013
• Will IBM?s Watson Usher in a New Era of Cognitive Computing? big data; 11/13/2013
• IBM to Announce More Powerful Watson via the Internet companies, academics and individual software developers will be able to use it at a small fraction of the previous cost, drawing on IBM?s specialists in fields like computational linguistics to build machines that can interpret complex data and better interact with humans; 11/13/2013
• The Rapid Advance of Artificial Intelligence cars drive themselves, machines recognize people and ?understand? their emotions, and humanoid robots travel unattended; 10/14/2013
• Artificial intelligence: All it lacks is common sense, says AI expert and author Nils Nilsson MailTribune; 2/22/2011
• Human or Computer? Take This Test Turing Test; 10/10/2002
• Skynet goes live beginning of human extinction; actual date varies due to time travel in different movies/episodes of The Terminator
• Already Anticipating 'Terminator' Ethics 11/24/2013
• Skynet Becomes Self-Aware: How to Welcome Our AI Overlords 4/21/2011
• The 6 Verbs For The Next 20 Years Of The Connected World: screening, Interacting, sharing, Flowing, accessing, generating 3/29/2011
• 2012: Internet 2012 in numbers 1/16/2013; Internet Society: Global Internet User Survey; Mayan apocalypse
• Engineering the Internet infographic; 10/5/2012
• Wikipedia: List of countries by # of internet users; List of countries by # of broadband Internet users;
  National broadband plans from around the world
• online learning
• "It's what we think we know that keeps us from learning." ~Claude Bernard
• "Because the Internet has an aura of 'technology' surrounding it, the uneducated believe information from it even more." ~Thomas Friedman, New York Times
• "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn and relearn." ~Alvin Toffler
• online learning, distance education, online university; How E-learning Works
• PLATO 1960: Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations: computer assisted instruction
• Massive Open Online Courses MOOCs are aimed at large-scale interactive participation and open access via the web. In addition to traditional course materials such as videos, readings, and problem sets, MOOCs provide interactive user forums that help build a community for the students, professors, and TAs; How MOOCs Work
• Examples: Coursera; Coursetalk MOOC reviews & ratings; Free Video Lectures; Future Learn; Khan Academy; Lynda; TED Talks Technology, Entertainment, Design; Udacity; various universities, ...
• Potential benefits(+) and challenges(-) of a MOOC from MOOCguide:
  • + You can organize a MOOC in any setting that has connectivity (which can include the Web, but also local connections via Wi-Fi e.g.)
  • + You can organize it in any language you like (taking into account the main language of your target audience)
  • + You can use any online tools that are relevant to your target region or that are already being used by the participants
  • + You can move beyond time zones and physical boundaries
  • + It can be organized as quickly as you can inform the participants (which makes it a powerful format for priority learning in e.g. aid relief)
  • + Contextualized content can be shared by all
  • + Learning happens in a more informal setting, at a place of your convenience and often around your own schedule.
  • + Learning can also happen incidentally thanks to the unknown knowledge that pops up as the course participants start to exchange notes on the course?s study
  • + You can connect across disciplines and corporate/institutional walls
  • + You don?t need a degree to follow the course, only the willingness to learn (at high speed)
  • + You add to your own personal learning environment and/or network by participating in a MOOC
  • + You will improve your lifelong learning skills, for participating in a MOOC forces you to think about your own learning and knowledge absorption
  • - It feels chaotic as participants create their own content
  • - It demands digital literacy
  • - It demands time and effort from the participants
  • - It is organic, which means the course will take on its own trajectory (you have got to let go)
  • - As a participant you need to be able to self-regulate your learning and possibly give yourself a learning goal to achieve
• Buckminster Fuller Presages Online Education, with a Touch of TED, Netflix, and Pandora, in 1962 a prophetic vision for mobile, time-shifted, tele-commuted, on-demand education; 3/5/2014
• After Setbacks, Online Courses Are Rethought about half of those who registered for a course ever viewed a lecture, and only about 4 percent completed the courses; 12/10/2013
• A Surge in Growth for a New Kind of Online Course EdX; Coursera; Udacity; CourseTalk; 9/26/2013
• FutureLearn Launches Free Online University Courses UK?s biggest provider of online education announces open beta stage; 9/18/2013
• No Child Left Untableted customizing curriculum to match learning style, pace and interests; students? enthusiasm for the gadgetry; teachers need tools to show that their students are making progress sharing lesson materials; using the tablet?s classroom-management tools: quick polls, discussions, short-answer exercises, randomly calling on a student; 9/12/2013
• Udacity teams up with Google, AT&T and other tech giants for Open Education Alliance 9/9/2013
• Mindsy Wants To Be The Netflix Of E-Learning UK-based; $29/mo.; 9/9/2013
• 'Bandwidth Divide' Could Bar Some People From Online Learning 3/4/2013
• The Year of the MOOC 11/2/2012
• The Most Important Education Technology in 200 Years MOOCs; 11/2/2012
• Codecademy Offers Free Coding Classes for Aspiring Entrepreneurs 9/14/2011
• Google and edX combine their strengths to form mooc.org 9/11/2011
• 23 Ancient Web Sites That Are Still Alive 11/15/2012
• 15 Current Technologies A Child Born Today Will Never Use 5/13/2012
• 2013: Internet 2013 in numbers (in 1/2014); Infographic: An Amazing Atlas of the World Wide Web 8/14/2013; Internet Growth Charts
• Wearable computer; Smart watch; Google Glass; How Project Glass Will Work
• Google Explains How Not To Be A Glasshole do?s and don?ts; 2/18/2014
• I, Glasshole: My Year with Google Glass 12/30/2013
• The Wearable Computing Conundrum 10/19/2013
• Seeking a Staredown With Google Glass competitors; 10/12/2013
• Sorry, the Future of Computing Is Not on Your Wrist 9/5/2013
• The Wristwatch May Be Making a Comeback, but With Some Smarts Samsung Galaxy Gear; Sony SmartWatch; Apple iWatch? 9/4/2013
• privacy, anonymity: individuals and groups restricting access to corporations, criminals, governments, ...
• "You already have zero privacy -- get over it." ~Scott McNealy
• "Relying on the government to protect your privacy is like asking a peeping tom to install your window blinds." ~John Perry Barlow
• "We don't have a domestic spying program...There is no spying on Americans." ~Pres. Obama
• Internet privacy; Anonymity; 2013 mass surveillance disclosures; backdoors; identity theft
• proxy server; Virtual Private Network (VPN); anonymous browsing; How Internet Security Works
• How to Surf the Web Anonymously; Can the government see what Web sites I visit?
• Viewing Where the Internet Goes Cerf, Kahn; privacy, security; governance: Icann, ITU; 12/30/2013
• Do We Want an Erasable Internet? 12/22/2013
• What Did We Learn About the NSA This Year? EFF crossword centennial puzzle in honor of NSA 'word games'; 12/20/2013
• What to Expect From the Surveillance Empire in 2014 Hint: it's Not Reform; 12/20/2013
• Despite US opposition, UN approves rights to privacy in the digital age 11/27/2013
• If You Don't Care About The NSA Because You 'Haven't Done Anything Wrong,' You're Wrong 11/26/2013
• "If you give me six lines written by the hand of the most honest of men, I will find something in them which will hang him." ~Cardinal Richlieu
• It's No Surprise Anymore: Your Data is Never Safe Online 11/26/2013
• Resource Guide to Online Privacy OSPIRG: Oregon State Public Interest Research Group: 1. Social Media Privacy; 2. Secure Passwords; 3. Stop Cookies; 4. How to avoid viruses; 5. Keeping your Social Security Number secure; 6. Secure Websites; 7. Scam Email; 11/7/2013
• IETF Begins To Work On Designing A Surveillance-Resistant Net 10/31/2013
• Ten Steps You Can Take Right Now Against Internet Surveillance 1) use end-to-end encryption; 2) encrypt as much communications as you can; 3) encrypt your hard drive; 4) strong passwords, kept safe; 5) use Tor; 6) turn on two-factor (or two-step) authentication; 7) don't click on attachments; 8) keep software updated, and use anti-virus software; 9) keep extra secret information extra secure; 10) be an ally to EFF; 10/25/2013
• What Does It Mean for the U.S. to 'Lose Control of the Internet?' NSA revelations have thrown open an Internet governance dispute that seemed resolved; 10/16/2013
• Attacking Tor: how the NSA targets users' online anonymity Secret servers and a privileged position on the internet's backbone used to identify users and attack target computers; 10/4/2013
• Frankenstein, Tinfoil Hats, and the NSA Jefferson Monthly; 10/1/2013
• N.S.A. Gathers Data on Social Connections of U.S. Citizens 9/28/2013
• Beyond Passwords: New Tools to Identify Humans fingerprint sensor; electronic tattoos; irises; mobile devices; wristband; 9/10/2013
• Are password managers safe from the NSA surveillance? 9/8/2013
• NSA surveillance: A guide to staying secure 5 ways: Hide in the network, e.g., Tor; Encrypt your communications, e.g., TLS; for something really important, use an 'air gap', i.e., USB stick instead of network; Be suspicious of commercial encryption software, especially from large vendors; try to use public-domain encryption that has to be compatible with other implementations; 9/6/2013
• Anonymity, Privacy, and Security Online Pew: 86% of internet users have taken steps online to remove or mask their digital footprints -- ranging from clearing cookies to encrypting their email; 55% of internet users have taken steps to avoid observation by specific people, organizations, or the government; 9/5/2013
• 5 Techniques for Maintaining Web Confidentiality Masking; Private Browsing; Anonymizer; Encryption; Host-proof hosting; 9/3/2013
• Teens and Mobile Apps Privacy Pew; 8/22/2013
• Lawmakers fear privacy risks from Google Glass 5/16/2013
• The Always Up-to-Date Guide to Managing Your Facebook Privacy 1/3/2013
• Why You Should Care About and Defend Your Privacy 4/25/2012
• As the digital revolution kills jobs, social unrest will rise Gartner offers up 10 strategic predictions for the next 10 years: 3D printing, machine learning and voice recognition; 10/7/2013
• 10 Tech Frustrations Today's Kids Will Never Have 4/23/2013
• 2014: Pew's ?The Web at 25?: 87% of Americans use the Internet, social media ranked easy to quit 1/27/2014
• 1 in 10 Americans think HTML is an STD, study finds 3/4/2014
  • 27%: 'gigabyte' a South American insect
  • 23%: MP3 a Star Wars robot
  • 18%: 'Blu-ray' a marine animal
  • 15%: 'software' comfortable clothing
  • 42%: "motherboard" the deck of a cruise ship
  • 12%: "USB" the acronym for a European country
• "The best way to predict the future is to invent it." ~Alan Kay
• "I used to think that cyberspace was fifty years away. What I thought was fifty years away, was only ten years away. And what I thought was ten years away... it was already here. I just wasn't aware of it yet." ~Bruce Sterling
• "I don't have to write about the future. For most people, the present is enough like the future to be pretty scary." ~William Gibson
• "Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future." ~Niels Bohr
• "The best thing about the future is that it comes only one day at a time." ~Abraham Lincoln
• "The future will be better tomorrow." ~Dan Quayle
• "The future ain't what it used to be." ~Yogi Berra
• "Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong" ~Murphy's Law; Unintended consequences of technologies and policies
• Techno-utopianism: ideology based on the belief that advances in science and technology will eventually bring about a utopia
  or dystopia: a community or society, usually fictional, that is in some important way undesirable or frightening
• Technological determinism: reductionist theory that presumes that a society's technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values
• Transhumanism: an international cultural and intellectual movement with an eventual goal of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities
• humanityplus.org; Eric Schmidt: Welcome to the ?Age of Augmented Humanity? 9/7/2010
• Technological singularity: or simply "the singularity", is a theoretical point in time when human technology (and, particularly, technological intelligence) will have so rapidly progressed that, ultimately, a greater-than-human intelligence will emerge, which will "radically change human civilization, and perhaps even human nature itself
• Singularitarianism: technocentric ideology and social movement defined by the belief that a technological singularity?the creation of superintelligence?will likely happen in the medium future, and that deliberate action ought to be taken to ensure that the Singularity benefits humans.
• 2019: What Will The Internet Look Like In 10 Years? Internet Society Scenarios: Common Pool, Boutique Networks, Moats and Drawbridges, Porous Garden; 10/6/2009
• 2020: networks and systems; components, devices and technologies
• 2045: Technological singularity: Ray Kurzweil; What's the technological singularity?
• 10 of the World?s Most Groundbreaking Futurists: 6: Ray Kurzweil; Kurzweil video; 6:54
• The Worst Lies You've Been Told About the Singularity 12/19/2013
• How to get a job after the Singularity comes 10/30/2011
• The Year Man Becomes Immortal We're fast approaching the moment when humans and machines merge. Welcome to the Singularity movement; 2/10/2011
• Ray Kurzweil's Slippery Futurism> his stunning prophecies have earned him a reputation as a tech visionary, but many of them don't look so good on close inspection; 11/29/2010
• Merely Human? That?s So Yesterday 6/13/2010
• IEEE Special Report: The Singularity 5/30/2008; Singlarity Institute for AI
• 2068: The Internet: A Warning From History, Chilling Parody Documentary 4/18/2013
• 2076: Imagining 2076: Connect Your Brain to the Internet 12/13/2013
• What it's like to be cut off from your Internet brain implant 8/9/2010
• 3000: How Futurama's 31st-Century Technology Illustrated Today's Changing Media Landscape 9/3/2013
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 12: The Present and Beyond Discovery of Earth's Twin planet; Autonomous Cars; Wearable Technology; Growing the Visual Funnel (optics); Wide-Area Surveillance; AR (augmented reality), 3D printing; device convergence; Internet Memes; Kim Dotcom; Prosthetic Athletics; "Pluto Switch" (specialized hardware); Healthcare; 2/8/2013
• Pew Research Center's Internet and American Life Project: Future of the Internet reports
• Computing Timelines: 2010s
• What is the future of the Internet?