Internet: 1960s

Highlights

• 1960: "Man-Computer Symbiosis" by J. C. R. Licklider: Computer Networks; "A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions."
• Echo communications satellite; How Satellites Work
• "There is practically no chance communications space satellites will be used to provide better telephone, telegraph, television, or radio service inside the United States." ~T. Craven, FCC Commissioner
• 1961: Time sharing: sharing of a computing resource among many users
• "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" by Leonard Kleinrock
• Leonard Kleinrock, the TX-2 and the Seeds of the Internet 10/1/2012
• How Pacific Island Missile Tests Helped Launch the Internet 8/27/2012
• 1962: "Augmenting Human Intellect" by Douglas Engelbart: systems to increase human capability and comprehension
• Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA: Licklider appointed head
• "On-Line Man Computer Communication" by Licklider and Wesley A. Clark
• T1 line ATT; greatly increased the number of telephone calls the telephone network was capable of transmitting at one time; How does a T1 line work?
  
• "Intergalactic Computer Network" coined by Licklider; Interplanetary Internet; How Interplanetary Internet Will Work
• We're building an interplanetary internet MarsNet; 12/13/2013
• NASA says first space Internet test 'beyond expectations' lasers could replace radio for future robotic and human space missions; 10/22/2013
• Talking to the neighbours a modest proposal for an interstellar communications network; 4/7/2011
• 1963: Sketchpad Ivan Sutherland ancestor of interactive graphic interface and computer-aided drafting (CAD)
• ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange; character-encoding scheme
• How the Standard ASCII Character Set Works
• 1964: Packet Switching digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data --
  regardless of content, type, or structure -- into suitably sized blocks, called packets; MIT, RAND (Baran), NPL (Davies) in GB
• What is a packet?; Why Do We Call Them Internet Packets? His Name Was Donald Davies; 9/10/2012
• "On Distributed Communications Networks" by Paul Baran
• What Do the H-Bomb and the Internet Have in Common? Paul Baran; 9/3/2012
• Was ARPAnet designed to survive a nuclear attack?
• SABRE Semi-automated Business Research Environment; air travel reservation & online transaction processing at American Airlines
• "Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned." ~Marshall McLuhan
• 1965: Wide Area Network (WAN) telecommunications network that covers a broad area, e.g., metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries; MIT-RAND
• Moore's 'Law' observation: over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years; or, performance: 100x/decade; How Moore's Law Works
• Moore's Law isn't making chips cheaper anymore choose two tradeoffs: more speed, less power consumption, lower cost; 12/5/2013
• What happens when computers stop shrinking? by around 2020, the age of the ever-smaller chip will come to an end...; 3/19/2011
• Project Xanadu Ted Nelson: "Hypertext", "Hypermedia"
• 1966:
• 1967: Interface Message Processors (IMPs): Routers first generation of gateways between networks
• 'Interfaith' Message Processor Sen. Ted Kennedy sends congratulatory telegram to BBN for winning contract
• "disintermediation" In economics, the removal of intermediaries in a supply chain, or "cutting out the middleman". Instead of going through traditional distribution channels, which had some type of intermediate (such as a distributor, wholesaler, broker, or agent), companies may now deal with every customer directly, for example via the Internet; term originally applied to the banking industry
• Prediction of PC use in 1999 video: 1:57
• 1968: NLS (oN-Line System) Engelbart at SRI: "Mother of all Demos: window interface, mouse
• What device did Douglas Engelbart invent?; Myth: 5: Microsoft Invented "Windows"
• An Homage to Douglas Engelbart and a Critique of the State of Tech Shakespearean-style by Ted Nelson; 12/16/2013
• 45 Years Ago, Doug Engelbart Gave the Most Important Tech Demo Ever 12/9/2013
• Douglas C. Engelbart, Inventor of the Computer Mouse, Dies at 88 7/3/2013
• "The Computer as a Communication Device" by Licklider and Robert Taylor
• Intel Corp.
• SYSTRAN: machine translation; How Electronic Language Translators Work
• Mistranslation Myths:
  • from English to Russian: "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak"
  • back to English: "The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten"
• 1969: ARPAnet; maps: 2 hosts: UCLA-SRI, 4 hosts: UCLA, UCSB, SRI, Utah
  The Rise And Fall of the ARPANET (1969-1989) in One GIF 9/5/2013
• Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Larry Roberts: "fathers" of the Internet
• The Day the Infant Internet Uttered its First Words Kleinrock; 4/6/2011; How ARPANET Works
• "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system." ~Al Gore, 1999
• Al Gore and the Internet Kahn&Cerf: Al Gore was the first political leader to recognize the importance of the Internet and to promote and support its development
• Did Al Gore Invent the Internet? 10/18/2013; 'invented' myth; "Atari Democrat"
• "The day I made that statement," [about inventing the internet] "I was tired because I'd been up all night inventing the Camcorder." ~Al Gore
• "If Al Gore invented the Internet, I invented spell check." ~Dan Quayle
• The Internet? We Built That 9/21/2012
• Yes, Government Researchers Really Did Invent the Internet 7/23/2012
• So, who really did invent the Internet? 7/23/2012
• When WSJ Flunks Internet History, Blogs Step In To Educate 7/23/2012
• Larry Roberts Calls Himself the Founder of the Internet. Who Are You to Argue? 9/24/2012
• The Internet Gets a Hall of Fame Pioneers; Innovators; Global Connectors; including Al Gore; 4/23/2012
• UK's 'Nobel prize for engineering' given to 'inventors of the interwebs' Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering has been awarded for the first time. The winners are described as the "five engineers who created the internet and the World Wide Web"; Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf and Louis Pouzin for their contributions to the protocols that make up the fundamental architecture of the Internet, Tim Berners-Lee who created the World Wide Web and Marc Andreessen who wrote the Mosaic browser; 3/18/2013
• Telnet: network protocol for bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication using a virtual terminal connection
• Apollo 11 moon landing; Beatles disband
• Before the iPad, There Was the Honeywell Kitchen Computer 11/22/2012

References

• Wikipedia: Timeline of computing: 1950--79
• Computer History Museum: 1960s; Internet History 1962 to 1992
• The Decades That Invented the Future: Part 7: 1960s 2001: A Space Odyssey; venture capital (Rock and Davis); Compact Disc; Douglas Engelbart's "Mother of All Demos"; Muhammad Ali; Nuclear Powered Carrier; Sketchpad (drawing program); Psychedelic Research; Spacewar (videogame); Concorde; Kennedy Assassination; Saigon Execution Photo; Wired; 12/06/2012
• Paleofuture: 1960s; Amazing 1960s Predictions About Satellites, Email, and the Internet
• Where Wizards Stay Up Late: the Origins of the INTERNET by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Simon & Schuster, 1996
• History of the Internet; Top 5 Myths About the Internet
• Hilarious and Surprising Predictions of the Future -- from the 1960s! (videos)